1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī„Ž ī„¯ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ-2021
ī„ąī…„ī„—/ī„ąī…„ī„˜ī„ēī„ēī…„ ī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī…‰ī„ēī„Ĩī„ĩ
ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē
[ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē (ī„”. 1707-1947)]
ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ ī„ŗī„Žī„žī…†ī„ĩ: 3 ī„žī…œī„Ĩī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī„Ēī„ŗ ī„‘ī…œī„›:100
ī„Žī…‹ī„Ĩ: ī„ģī„ĩī…‡ī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒ ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„žī…žī„Ĩī…‹-ī„žī…žī„Ĩ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ē ī…‚ī„ļ ī„ ī……ī„Š ī„›ī…‡, ī„›ī……ī…žī„ļ ī„¯ī…œī„ĸ ī„ē ī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ ī„¯ī…œī„ĸ ī…‚ī„ ī„ē ī…‚ī„ļ
ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‡ ī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
ī„ēī…‰ī„›ī„šī„Ž-ī„—
1. ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Ŧī……ī„Žī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„ēī„˛ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ē ī„¯ī…†ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ ī…ƒ ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
ī„ ī„ĩī„ ī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ
2. 1857 ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒ ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„ļī„” ī„ĩī…‚ī„ģ ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ ī„ĩī„ ī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ
ī„ēī…‰ī„›ī„šī„Ž-ī„ąī…„
3. ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ī…œī„˛ī…„ī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„  ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ
4. ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩ ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ļī…‡ī„œī…‚ ī„ĸī…‹ī„œī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ŧī„™îĨĄ
ī„ēī…‰ī„›ī„šī„Ž-ī„ēī…„
2
Easy2Siksha
5. ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ī…œī„˛ī…„ī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„  ī„›ī„ĩī…‹ 6. ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚
ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī„šī……ī„ĩī…† ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…„?
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„Ēī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ ī„ĩī„ ī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ
ī„ēī…‰ī„›ī„šī„Ž-ī„§ī…„
7. ī„ ī„ĩī„Žī„ŗī…Šī„Ĩ ī„’ī…€ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„ąī…‚ī„ĩī…‡
ī„ ī„ĩī„ ī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’?
8. ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī„Ēī…‚ ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„ĸī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ī…œī„˛ī…„ī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„  ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ ī„¯ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ-2021
ī„ąī…„ī„—/ī„ąī…„ī„˜ī„ēī„ēī…„ ī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī…‰ī„ēī„Ĩī„ĩ
ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē
[ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē (ī„”. 1707-1947)]
ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ ī„ŗī„Žī„žī…†ī„ĩ: 3 ī„žī…œī„Ĩī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī„Ēī„ŗ ī„‘ī…œī„›: 100
ī„Žī…‹ī„Ĩ: ī„ģī„ĩī…‡ī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒ ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„žī…žī„Ĩī…‹-ī„žī…žī„Ĩ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ē ī…‚ī„ļ ī„ ī……ī„Š ī„›ī…‡, ī„›ī……ī…žī„ļ ī„¯ī…œī„ĸ ī„ē ī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ ī„¯ī…œī„ĸ ī…‚ī„ ī„ē ī…‚ī„ļ
ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‡ ī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
ī„ēī…‰ī„›ī„šī„Ž-ī„—
1. ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Ŧī……ī„Žī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„ēī„˛ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ē ī„¯ī…†ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ ī…ƒ ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„”: ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī…‹ī„ŋ
ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ēī„› ī„žī„Ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ģī…‰, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„ąī„ēī„Ēī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„•ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„Ŧī„ĩī„˛ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī„˛ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī…œī…ƒī„Žī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
23 ī„ĸ ī„Ž, 1757 ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ļī„ŋī…„ ī„ī„” ī„“ī„ģ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„”, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„ą, ī…ƒī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-
ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…‹ī„ĩī„ē 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧ ī„ĩī„ī…‚ī„ŗī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„¯ī…‚ī„—îĨĄ
ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ąī…‹ī„›ī„ŋ
ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ēī„› ī„ēī…œī„Ŧī„ĩī„˛ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Šī„Žī…‚ ī„žī„ĩ ī„ĩī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ 18ī„¸ī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ž,
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„˛ī…œī„Ž ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ŗī……ī„ī„ļ ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ, ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…ˆ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī…„, ī„›ī„ŗī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ ī…ƒī„ĩī„ģī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„­ī„ŋī…‡ ī„ēī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„ļī„” ī„ļī„ŋ ī„ĩī„ģī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„›ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ 1756 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„ąī…ƒī„Šī„’îĨĄ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„¯ ī„ĩī„ąī…„ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī„ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„Ē, ī„“ī…žī„› ī„‘ī„ŗī…„ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„œī……ī„šī„ģī…‚ī„ļ ī„“ī„ļī…‚ī„›ī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī„Šī„Žī…„ī„Ēī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„Ēī…‚
ī„ļī„” ī„ĸī…‚ī…ƒī„Šī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī…ƒī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„ĸī„Ēī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī„Ĩī…‡ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„¸ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„¯ī…‹ī„ĩī…‡ī„šī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„ŋ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
4
Easy2Siksha
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī…ƒī„œī„§ī…‚ī„ĩī…„
ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ŗ ī„ļ ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ļī„” ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„”, ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ģī…ī„ļī…„-ī„ģī…ī„ļī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ 18ī„¸ī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…žī„­ ī„Ēī…žī„›, ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ ī„°ī…ī„ĸī…„ ī„Ēī…‚ī„›ī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ĩī„Šī„Žī…„ī„Ēī„› ī„ī…žī„Ļī„ĸī…‹ī„ŋī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī„ļī„›ī…žī„Ēī…‚ (ī„ģī……ī„Š ī„›ī…‹ī„ļī„›ī…‚ī„Ēī…‚) ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ ī„¸ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„› ī„ ī…ī„›ī…„
ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī„ī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚
ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ ī…œī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„•ī„ģ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī…‡ī„š ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ ī„ĩī„ģī…‡ ī…ƒī„›ī„ļī…§ī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„›
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī„œī„ļī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‚ī„žī…„ ī„ąī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī…ƒī„ ī…œī„Ēī„Ē ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ī„Š
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ēī„Šī…‚ī„‘ ī„ēī„ŗī…ˆ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„¸ī„­ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’îĨĄ
ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„ģī„ĩ ī„›ī…žī„¨ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„ŋ ī„ēī…„, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„›ī„” ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„îĨĄ ī„•ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī„ļī„›ī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š-ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„›ī„ļī…§ī…‡ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„žī…‡ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ž ī…œ ī„°ī…‹ī„ĩī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ļī…„ī„‘ī„ŗ
ī…ƒī„›ī„ģī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„›ī„ļī„›ī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ąī„Ŧī„Žī…‚ī„ŗ ī„ąī„ļī…‰ī„› ī„ģī…‹ī„ļ ī„žī„Ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„¸ī…‚ī„¯ī„ĩī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„žī„Ĩī„Žī…‚,
ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„›ī…‰ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„› ī…ƒī„Ģī„Ē ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„Ąī…‹ī„Ĩī…„, ī„Ŧī„ŗ ī„žī……ī…žī„Ĩī„Š ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī„Ļī„ŋī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’
ī„ēī…„, ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„Žī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī„ŋī„›ī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī…‚ ī„ļī…‰ī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„›
ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„ŗī…œī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚
ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„šī„œī„ēī…„ī„‘ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…€ī…ī„ĸ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ĸī„ĩī„Žī…‰ī„ļ ī„ŗī…„ī„ĩ ī„ĸī…‚ī…€ī„ĩ
ī„ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„Ēī…Œ ī„Žī…‚ī„œī……ī„š ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„”
â€ĸ ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„ŗī…ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…žī„Ąī„ŗī…„ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„Ē ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„¯ī…œī„§ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‡ī„ŋī…‡ ī„ļī„ŋī…„ ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ąī„ĩī„Ĩ ī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„”ī„¸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī…€ī…ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ī„Šī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…€ī…ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„›ī…‚ī„ąī„ļī…‡
ī„›ī…‚ī…€ī…„ ī…ƒī„žī„’ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī…„ī„ĩ ī„ĸī…‚ī„°ī„ĩ ī„ēī„ŗī…‡ī„Ē ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„­ī…ƒī„ŋī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ī…žī„Ļī„ĸī…‹ī„ŋ ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡
ī„ĩī„Šī„Žī…„ī„Ēī„› ī„°ī…‚ī„“ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„Ŧī„Ž, 23 ī„ĸ ī„Ž, 1757, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„°ī…ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„°ī…ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„œī„’ī„Ēī„ŗī„› ī„Žī……ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī…‚ī„¸ī„ĸ ī„Ŧ, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„“ī…žī„› ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī„Šī…‚ī„“ī„› ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ē ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„› ī„ēī…„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…Šī„¯ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ŗī…„ī„ĩ ī„ĸī…‚ī„°ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ
ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩ ī„­ī…ƒī„ŋī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ēī„žī…‚ī„Ē ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„Žī…„ ī„ŗī„Ēī„˛ī…‡ī„Ŧ ī„Žī…‡ ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„Ēī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„›ī„ŗī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ
ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī…€ī…ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ēī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī„ĸī…‚ī„žī„Ē ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„îĨĄ
ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„Ēī…‚
ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī„Ĩī…‡ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„§ ī…œ ī„žī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
1. ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚:ī…ƒī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ-ī„•ī„Ŧ-ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ, ī„ŗī…„ī„ĩ ī„ĸī…‚ī„°ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„•ī„ģ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„‘ī„­ī…„ī„Ž ī„“ī…žī„› ī„›ī„Ļī„¯ī……ī„Ēī„ļī…„ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„› ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„
5
Easy2Siksha
ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī„žī„ą ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…‚ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž
ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Žī…„
ī„
ī„ģ ī„ĩī…žī„œī…„îĨĄ
2. ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š:ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī„ąī„žī…‚
ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„˛ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„‘ī„ŗī…„ī„ĩ ī„ē ī…ƒī„ąī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„ēī…œī„ēī…‚ī„­ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī„ĸī…‚ī„žī„Ē ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„¸ī…‚ī„­ī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
3. ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„›
ī„¨ī…‚ī„ī„ ī…‡ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„›ī„ŗī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī…žī„› ī…ƒī„ŗī„ēī…‚ī„ļ ī„›ī…‚ī„“ī„ŗ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„
ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī„ŗ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„”îĨĄ
4. ī„ī„ļī…‹ī„ąī„ļ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„¸ī…„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī…ƒī„¸ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„ĩ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī…„ ī„Ŧī„ąī„Ŧī„ąī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„ģī…žī„ēī…‚ ī„ąī„Š ī…ƒī„ī„’, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸
ī„˛ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩ, ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī„ēī„Ēī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ē ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ģī…‚ī„ēī„ļ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„­ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī„Ē ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī„ŗ ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„”îĨĄ
ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„Ĩī…‚
ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…‹ī„ĩī„ē 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„žī„Ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„Žī„šī…‚ī„Žī„Ŧī…‡ī„ģī…„ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„¯-
ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ī„¯ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚ ī„ļī„” ī„¯ī„ŋī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ēī…‰ī„‘ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„œī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„
ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ŧ ī„ĩī„ī…‚ī„ŗī…„ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‡, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„•ī„Š ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„›, ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī„ēī„Ēī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ī……ī…œī„Ŗī„ļī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī……ī„Žī…„ī„’ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„Ŧī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
2. 1857 ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒ ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„ļī„” ī„ĩī…‚ī„ģ ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ ī„ĩī„ ī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ
ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ 1857 ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ąī„Ŋī…‚ ī„Ē: ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›
1857 ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ąī„Ŋī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ēī„¯ī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…„ ī„ĸī…œī„ ī„¸ī…„ ī…ƒī„›ī„ģī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…‚ ī„ŗī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡
ī…ƒī„œī„ļī…‚ī„° ī„“ī…žī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„ąī„Ŋī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„›ī„” ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž
ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„’ī„™ ī„“ī„ģ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ēī…‹ī„ŋī…„ī„— ī…ƒī„› ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„›ī„¸ī…ˆ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ
1. ī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ēī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›
1.1 ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī…‰ī…ƒī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ (ī…ƒī„ēī„¯ī…‚ī„ģī…„ī„’ī„) ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī…‹ī„š
ī…ƒī„ēī„¯ī…‚ī„ģī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Šī…‡ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī…‰ī…ƒī„Žī„› ī„›ī„” ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩ ī„ēī„Ž:
6
Easy2Siksha
â€ĸ ī„žī…žī„Ĩ ī„Ēī„Žī„œī…‚ī„ģ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ŋī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„:ī…ƒī„ēī„¯ī…‚ī„ģī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„žī…žī„Ĩ ī„Ēī„Žī„œī…‚ī„ģ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„›ī„Ļī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„¯ī…Šī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ēī„Žī„œī…‚ī„ģī…‚ī„ ī„žī…žī„Ĩ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„°ī…ī„ĸ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ 
ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ŗī……ī„šī„›ī„ļ ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„‘ī„ēī…œ ī…‡ī„Ŧī„Žī„šī…„ī„ļī„Ēī…‚:ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī…‚ī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„Ŧī…‡ī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ģī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„”, ī„Žī„¸ī…ˆ ī„˜ī„Žī„°ī…„ī„ļī„§ ī„ĩī…‚ī„”ī„°ī„ļ
ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„› ī„ĸī…‚ī„Žī„¸ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ ī„ĩī„ąī…„ (ī„ē ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī…„ī„°) ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ī„ĩī…„ī„ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„°ī„¸ī…‚ī„ģ
ī„ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī„ļī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„‘ī„¯ī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī„ĸī„Žī„› ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
1.2 ī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„šī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„
â€ĸ ī„ĸī…‹ī„ŋī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„:ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„§ī…‚ī„›ī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ī„Ž ī„’ī…€ ī„ļī…‰ī„¯ī„ē ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī…‚ī„
ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‹ī„ŋ ī…ƒī„ļī„’îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ž ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Žī……ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩ, ī„ĸī…‡ī„›ī„ĩ ī„›ī…‹ī„” ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„› ī„ŗī„ĩī„Ŧ ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩī„ē ī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„ąī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„ŗī„ĩ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ģī…‰, ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„•ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ī„¸ī…‡ī„ī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„ĩī„’ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„›ī„ąī„žī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ ī…ƒī„ī„’, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī„ĩī„ĸī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ī……ī…žī„ēī…‚ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ ī…ƒī„ī„’îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„œī……ī„Ŧī„ŗī……ī„œī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Žī……ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž:ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī…ƒī„Žī„› ī„ŗī…‚ī„ŗī…ƒī„ļī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ŧī„œī„ļī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‚ī„žī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„œī……ī„Ŧī„ŗī……ī„œī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩī…„
ī„ī……ī„’ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„îĨĄ
1.3 ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚
â€ĸ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„:ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ē ī„ļī„ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ģī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„ēī…œī„›ī„Ĩ
ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„›ī…‚ī„Žī…†ī…œ ī„Žī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„›ī…„ ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„:ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…‡ ī„Žī„¸ī…ˆ ī„›ī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„›ī…„ ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„‘ī„Šī„ĸī…‚ī„Š ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„ąī…‡ī„“ī„Žī„ēī…‚ī…€ī…„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„“ī„Ēī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī…‹ī„­ī…‚ī„ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī…‚ī„šī…‚ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„”îĨĄ
2. ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›
2.1 ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š
â€ĸ ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ē:ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…ī„ļī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ĩī…‹ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī……ī„Žī…‚ī„°ī…‚ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī„Ĩī…‡ī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…‡ī…ƒī„ĸī„’ ī…ƒī„ī„’, ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ ī…ƒī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„žī…žī„Ĩ ī„°ī…‚ī„“ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
ī„“ī„ē ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ī„ĩī…„ī„ąī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„Ēī…œī„ī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„•ī„Ŧī„´ī…‹ī„ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒ ī„Žī…‚ī„š:ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„•ī„Ŧī„´ī…‹ī„ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļī…Œ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī„•ī„Ŧī„´ī…‹ī„ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…žī„œ ī„¯ ī…ƒī„ĩī„’îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī……ī„Šī„›ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī……ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŗī…žī„ļī„Šī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’ ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī…ƒī„› ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„•ī„Ēī„¯ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ŗī……ī„›ī…‚ī„ąī„ļī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī…žī„Ģ ī„ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„•ī„Ŧī„´ī…‹ī„ī…‚ī„
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¨ī…ƒī„ģ-ī„¨ī…‡ī„ĩī…„ ī„ģī…‹ ī„ī„— ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
2.2 ī„ļī…Šī„§ ī„ĩī…‰ ī…‡ī…ƒī„Žī„– ī…ƒī„ēī„ēī„Ĩī„ŗ
â€ĸ ī„•ī…žī„  ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ē:ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„•ī…žī„  ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ąī…‹ī„Ŗ
ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„ąī„ģ ī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„˛ī……ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī…žī„Ģ ī„ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž
ī„›ī„ĩī„žī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„ĩī…„ī„ąī…„ ī„ģī…‹ ī„ī„”îĨĄ
7
Easy2Siksha
â€ĸ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„Ēī…œī„ī…„:ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ļī„ī…‚ī„Ēī…‚ī„ĩ ī„¸ī…‚ī„­ī…‚ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž
ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„Ēī…œī„ī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ąī…ƒī„Šī„’îĨĄ ī„“ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„•ī…žī„ ī…‡ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„Ēī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī„šī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’îĨĄ
2.3 ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī…‹ī„š
â€ĸ ī„‘ī„›ī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī……ī…žī„œī„ŗī„ĩī…„:ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„›ī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‹ī„ĸī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī„ŗī…„
ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„•ī…žī„  ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī„´ī…‚ī„Ē ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļ ī„›ī…‡ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„°ī„ēī„ļ, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī……ī…žī„œī„ŗī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ąī…‡ī„ĩī……ī„žī„ī…‚ī„ĩī…„:ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„•ī„Ŧī„´ī…‹ī„ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī„ĩī…œī„¯ī„ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ē ī…ƒī„šī„ļī„¯ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī„Ēī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„›ī…‚ī…ƒī„ŗī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„•ī…žī„  ī„ąī…‡ī„ĩī……ī„žī„ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĸī„Žī„ŗ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„Ĩī…‚
1857 ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„ŗī…‡ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„˛ ī„ŗī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„,
ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„Ŧī„œī„ļī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‚ī„žī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‡ī„Ē ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„›
ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩī…„ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ēī…‰ī…ƒī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ŗ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī…‹ī„š ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž
ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
ī„ąī„Ŋī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ēī…œī„ī…ƒī„Ļī„Ē ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ ī„Ē
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„žī„ĩ ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„œī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„”
ī„¯ī„ŋī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ēī…‰ī„‘ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Š ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ 1857 ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ĸī…ƒī„Ĩī„ļī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„¸ī…žī„œ-
ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī…ƒī„šī„›ī…‚ī„“ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī„Ąī…‚ī„Šī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„Ŧī„Ŧ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„›ī…‡ī„¸ī„ļ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„°ī…ī„ĸī…„ ī„ąī„ī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ēī…„, ī„ēī„ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„›-ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„•ī„Ģī„ļ-ī„¯ī……ī„Ģī„ļ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„Ŧī„ŗī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Šī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
ī„ēī…‰ī„›ī„šī„Ž-ī„ąī…„
3. ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ī…œī„˛ī…„ī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„  ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ
ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„: ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī„ĩī„ļ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…„ī…ƒī„œī„’
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„›ī„Ēī…‚, ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„§ ī…œī„žī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸
ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Š ī„ļī„”, ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„ĸī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¸ī…‡ī„œī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
8
Easy2Siksha
1. ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Š-ī„¯ī„Ąī…‚ī„Š
ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī…‚ī„ļ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„ēī„ĩī…‹ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ąī…œī„­ī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„
ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¸ī…žī„­ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¸ī…žī„­ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„ĩ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„”
ī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„, ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„“ī„Ēī…„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„‘ī…ƒī„˛ī„’ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„›
ī„ļī…‹ī„ŋī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„Šī„Ŧī…‡ī„œī…„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ģī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ŗī……ī…žī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ
2.ī„ļī…Šī„§ ī„ĩī…‰ ī…‡ī…ƒī„Žī„– ī…ƒī„ēī„ēī„Ĩī„ŗ
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩī…„ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļ ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„˛ ī„ŗī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…‡ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’
ī„“ī„›ī…žī„Ļī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„›ī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„› ī„ēī„Ž:
a ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„” ī„ąī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ąī„ēī„Ē (1793):
â€ĸ ī„ēī…œī„œī…‡ī„¯ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Šī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„:ī„ļī…‚ī„ĩī„§ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī…ƒī„ļī„ē ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„”, ī„“ī„ģ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ, ī…ƒī„ąī„ģī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„•ī„ŋī…„ī„ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„” ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ēī…‰ī„‘ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ŗī„Ēī„ļī„ą ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ž ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī„›ī…‚ī„ (ī„žī„ŗī…„
ī„
ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„) ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„— ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī…žī„› ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ĩī„›ī„ŗ
ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…„ ī„¯ī…Šī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :ī„“ī„ē ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„ĩ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„ēī„Ĩī…Ĩī…„ī„ŗ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„›ī„” ī„ēī„ŗī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ģī…‹ī„”ī„’ī„:
o ī…ƒī„žī„ŗī…„
ī„
ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„­ī„’ ī„ąī…‹ī„Ŗ:ī…ƒī„žī„ŗī…„
ī„
ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Žī„šī…ƒī„ ī„Ē ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„žī…œī„ŗī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī„Ž,
ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„•ī„ģ ī„ŗī…œī„ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
o ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„Šī„Ŧī…‡ī„œī…„:ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī…ƒī„› ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī…ƒī„Žī„šī…ƒī„ ī„Ē ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„•ī„Ēī„¯ī…‚ī„Ŧī„›ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„Žī„¸ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„žī…žī„Ĩ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī„ĩī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
o ī…ƒī„­ī„’ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š:ī…ƒī„žī„ŗī…„
ī„
ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī…žī„­ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¸ī…žī„­ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„­ī„’ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š
ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ, ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī…žī„ ī…‡ ī…ƒī„›ī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ŗī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’îĨĄ
ī„ąī…„. ī„ĩī…‚ī„“ī„Ē ī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ (1820)
â€ĸ ī„ēī…œī„œī…‡ī„¯ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Šī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„:ī„“ī„ģ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„ŗī„Ŧī„ĩī…‚ī„ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī…œī„ąī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‰ī„žī…„ī„§ī…Šī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„Ģī…‚ī„ŗī„ē ī„ŗī……ī„Žī„ĩī…‹ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„› ī…„ī„Ēī…„
ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„‘ī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„ī„Ē ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ (ī„ĩī…‚ī„“ī„Ĩī„ē) ī„Ēī…Œ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„— ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ļī…‚ī„ī„›ī„Š 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :
o ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…‚ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ē:ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…‡ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ē ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ēī„­ī…‚ī„ī„Ēī„› ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„¸ī„­ī…„ī„’ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
o ī„‘ī…ƒī„Žī„šī…ƒī„ ī„Ēī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„ĩī„Ēī…‚:ī„ēī„ŗī…ˆ-ī„ēī„ŗī…ˆ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„— ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ĩī„›ī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī……ī„ŋ ī„ŗī……ī„ļī…‚ī„ī„›ī„Š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚
ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„‘ī…ƒī„Žī„šī…ƒī„ ī„Ēī„Ēī…‚ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī…€ī„ēī„ļ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„ĩī…‹ī„žī…„-ī„ĩī…‹ī„Ĩī…„ ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„Žī…‚ī„šī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„ļī…‰ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
c. ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„ļ ī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī…ƒī„ēī„ēī„Ĩī„ŗ (1822):
â€ĸ ī„ēī…œī„œī…‡ī„¯ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Šī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„:ī…ƒī„¸ī„ļī…„ī„‘ī„ŗ ī„ąī…Šī…ƒī„Ĩī…œī„› ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„”, ī„“ī„ģ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩī…„ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„‘ī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ąī„ĸī…‚ī„— ī…ƒī„¯ī…œī„§ī…‚ī„ (ī„ŗī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…‚ī„) ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ
ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„“ī„›ī…žī„Ļī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
9
Easy2Siksha
â€ĸ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :
o ī„ēī„ŗī…†ī…ƒī„ģī„› ī…ƒī„žī…œī„ŗī…‡ ī…‚ī„ĩī…„:ī„¯ ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ŗī…ƒī„ģī„ļ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„“ī„›ī…žī„Ļī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„›ī„” ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī„Ŗī„ī„ŋī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‚ī„“ī„ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ąī…œī„­ī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī……ī„šī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„’ī„•
ī„
ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
o ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ąī…œī„­ī„›ī…„ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„:ī…ƒī„ēī„ēī„Ĩī„ŗ ī„ī……ī…œī„Ŗī„ļī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ąī…œī„­ī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ŗī……ī„šī„›ī„ļ ī„ēī…„,
ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„‘ī„›ī……ī„šī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„˛ī…Ĩī„šī„Ĩī…‚ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
3. ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī„” ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„ēī„Ž:
a ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :
â€ĸ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ī„ĩī…‚ ī„Ĩ:ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„” ī„ąī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ąī„ēī„Ē ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī„žī„ĩī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‚ī„ž ī„› ī…„ī„Ēī…‚,
ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī…ƒī„ŗī…žī„Ĩī…„ ī„žī„Ĩī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„•ī„Ēī„¯ī…‚ī„Ŧī„›ī„Ēī…‚ ī„žī„Ĩī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„›ī„ĩī„žī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„ĩī…„ī„ąī…„:ī„•ī…žī„ ī…‡ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„ŗī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„›ī„ĩī„žī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„ĩī…„ī„ąī…„
ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„­ī…žī„› ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī…‹ī„Ŗ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„¸ī…‡ī„ ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ĩī…‹ī„žī…„-ī„ĩī…‹ī„Ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Žī……ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ŗī…‹ī„Žī…‹ī„›ī„ļī„ ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Žī„›ī„Ŧī…„ ī„°ī„ēī„ļī…‚ī„:ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī„´ī…‚ī„Ē ī„ļī„” ī„Žī„›ī„Ŧī…„ ī„°ī„ēī„ļī…‚ī„ (ī…ƒī„ĸī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„› ī„Žī…„ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„‘ī„°ī…„ī„ŗ) ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„šī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„œī……ī„ĩī…‚ī„›ī…„ ī„°ī„ēī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„•ī„¯ī„ļī„ąī„­ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ž ī„žī„Ĩ ī„ī„”
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„œī……ī„ĩī…‚ī„› ī„ēī……ī„ĩī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ē ī„ģī…‹ī„”îĨĄ
ī„ąī…„. ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :
â€ĸ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„‘ī„šī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„:ī…ƒī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī…žī„  ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„›
ī„ąī…‡ī„ ī…‰ī„Žī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩī…„ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī„” ī„ąī„ī…‚ī„¸ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī„ĩī„šī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž
ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī„ļī„›ī…„ī„‘ī„Ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī…‚ī„‘:ī…ƒī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„“ī„Ēī…„ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī„›ī…„ ī„¨ī…‚ī„ī„ ī…‡ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„šī…„ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ļī„ŋī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„
ī„’ī„”ī„’ī„îĨĄ
4.ī…ƒ ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī…œī„ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„:
a ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž:
â€ĸ ī…ƒ ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒ ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ:ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ, ī…ƒī„ĸī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„ī…‹ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ ī…œī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī…žī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ī…Ĩī…ƒī„ģ, ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Šī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…ƒī„˛ī„’ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī„Ļī…‹ī„ĩ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…‡ ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„:ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ ī„ŗī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ
ī…ƒī„ąī„ģī„Ēī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī„¸ī„ģī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„ŋ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
ī„ąī…„. ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ:
10
Easy2Siksha
â€ĸ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ:1947 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ, ī„Žī„¸ī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„— ī„ŗī……ī…žī…ƒī„Ŧī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ģī…žī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī……ī„ŋ
ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„‘ī…ƒī„˛ī„’ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„˛ ī„ŗī…„ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ
5.ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„Ĩī…‚
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¸ī…žī„­ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¸ī…žī„­ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī……ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„ļī„”
ī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„ ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„ēī…‰ī„›ī„Ĩī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…ˆī„§ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„ļī„” ī„Ŧ ī„ĩī„ī…‚ī„ŗī…„ ī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī„› ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„” ī„ąī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ąī„ēī„Ē, ī„ĩī…‚ī„“ī„Ēī„¸ī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī„ģī„ļī„¸ī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ģī„ĩī…‡ī„› ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„Ēī…œī„ī…„, ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„‘ī„šī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„žī„ŗī…„ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„¸ī„Ĩ ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„
ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„ŗī……ī…žī…ƒī„Ŧī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ģī…žī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ēī…„,
ī„¯ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‚ī„ēī„Ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„•ī„Š ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ ī„ŗī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ąī…œī„­ī„Ž ī„‘ī…ƒī„˛ī„’ī„ēī…‚ī„
ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ĩī…žī…ƒī„œī„’îĨĄ
4. ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩ ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ļī…‡ī„œī…‚ ī„ĸī…‹ī„œī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ŧī„™îĨĄ
ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ 19ī„¸ī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„›-ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„”, ī„œī…‚ī„ē ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡
ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Š ī„ļī„”, ī„’ī„™ ī„“ī„ēī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…œī„§ī…„ī„—: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚, ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ, ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸îĨĄ
1. ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚
â€ĸ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚ 1828 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„ŗī…‹ī„ģī„Ž ī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„•ī„ē ī„ēī„ŗī…ˆ ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī……ī…žī„­ī…„ī„ĸī…„ī„¸ī…„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„•ī„ģ ī„•ī„¯ī…ƒī„Žī„šī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē
ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ē ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ĩ ī„ŋī…§ī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ģī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„› ī„ŗ ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ ī„ĸī…‚,
ī„ĸī…‚ī„Ēī…„ ī„˛ī…‡ī„Ŧī„˛ī…‚ī„¸, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„ĸ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„•ī„ēī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…œī„­ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„ļī…žī„ī„Ŧ ī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„ŗī…‹ī„ģī„Ž ī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ĩī…žī„ą ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ē ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„› ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī…‚ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ, ī„“ī…žī„›ī„ļī…‡
ī„Ŧī…‡ī„¸ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ ī„ĸī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ļī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„•ī„ģ ī„¯ī…žī„Ąī„ŗī…„ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ēī„ĩī„›ī„šī…„ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¸ī…„ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ē
ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ļī„” ī„•ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„šī„Ĩī…„ī„›ī…‹ī„Š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„šī……ī„ĩ
ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  "ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„˛ī…‚" ī…ƒī„›ī„ģī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ēī„Ž ī…œ ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ ī„ĩī„ ī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž, ī„“ī„› ī„”ī„šī„¸ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ
ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ąī……ī„ĩī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ļī„ŋī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī…œī„  ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’
ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
2. ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„šī……ī…žī„­ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ēī„Ž ī…œ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„Ēī„ĩī„›ī„šī…„ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Žī…‰ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ
ī„›ī„” ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī„Ž:
11
Easy2Siksha
â€ĸ ī„—ī„›ī„šī…Ļī„ĩ ī…‚ī„Ŧ: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ ī…ƒī„ļī„Ē ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ŧī…‡ī„¸ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī…„ ī„ĩī…„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩī…žī„Ŧ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„¯ī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ ī„ĸī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ļī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„¯ī„ĩī…œī„¯ī„ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ē ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„‘ī…ƒī„˛ī„’ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž
ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ēī„ĩī„›ī„šī…„ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸-ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„ēī„­ī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ŗī…‡ī„ļ ī„œī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ŗī…†ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī…†ī„ĸī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒ ī„ĩī…‹ī„­: ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„ŗī…‹ī„ģī„Ž ī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„ŗ ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ ī„ĸī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŧī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„ēī„Ž,
ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„ģ ī„‘ī…œī„­ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„Žī„­ī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡, ī„’ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…žī„ ī…‚ī„” ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„¯ī„ĩī„ŗī…‡ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„˛ī„ī„Ēī…„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…žī„ī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„Ēī„ĩī„›ī„šī…„ī„ļ ī„¯ī„ģī……ī…œī„ : ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„Ēī„ĩī„›ī„šī…„ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Žī…‰ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„¯ī„ģī……ī…œī„  'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„žī…‹ī„ĩ
ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„¯ī…‰ī„ĩī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī„ĩī…œī„¯ī„ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ē ī„‘ī…ƒī„˛ī„’ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ēī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„¸ī…‚ī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ĸī…„ī„¸ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„Ēī„ĩī„›ī„šī…„ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Žī…‰ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„›ī…‡ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī…ƒī„Žī…ž ī„ĸī…„ ī„Žī…‰ī…ƒī„Ēī„›ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Žī…‰ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī…ƒī„ēī„­ī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ŗī…‡ī„ļ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„œī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ĩī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩī…žī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ēī„ĩī…„ ī„¯ī……ī„Žī„ĩ ī…ƒ ī„’ī…ƒī„œī„’: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„ī…Ĩī…œī„Ģī…‚ī„, ī„œī…‚ī„ē ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„¯ī…ƒī„Žī„šī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī……ī„Žī„ĩ
ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„, ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„—ī„šī„¸ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ēī„ĩī„›ī„šī…„ī„ļ ī…ƒī„ēī„­ī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ŗī…‡ī„ļ
ī„œī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„¸ī…‡îĨĄ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„ŗī…‹ī„ģī„Ž ī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„Žī…‡ ī„¸ī…‡ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„¯ī…ƒī„Žī„šī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‡ī„Ē ī„›ī„” ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„ī…Ĩī…œī„Ģī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„‘ī„Žī……ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„›ī…‚ī„šī„Ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„ŗ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„¯ī„ģī……ī…œī„ ī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡
ī…ƒī„ī„’ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„”îĨĄ
3. ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„“ī„ļī…‚ī„¸ī…‚, ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ļī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„”îĨĄ ī„“ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ąī……ī„ĩī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŧī„Ēī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī„ĩī…‚ī„ąī„ĩī…„
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī…‹ī„Ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„— ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī„Ž:
â€ĸ ī„ēī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„œī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„˛ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ģī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­
ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī……ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ŗ ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī„¸ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„¯ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī…ƒī„Ēī„ŗ ī„ēī…œī„ēī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ ī„œī…‚ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„ĸī„ļī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„ŗī„ĸī„ą ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„•ī„ŗī…„ī„Ŧ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī…‚ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„ŗī…‹ī„ģī„Ž ī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„Žī…‡ 1829
ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ģī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŋī…‰ī„ĩ-ī„›ī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī…„ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī„ŗ ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„” ī„ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ē ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„žī…‹ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩ ī„¸ī„›ī…„ī„ļ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī…‚ī„ļ
ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„ģ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ģī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡
ī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī„¸ī…‚ ī„¯ī……ī„Žī„ĩ-ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„ģ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¸ī…„ ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„Ēī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„”
ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Ē ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Ē-ī„¯ī…‚ī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„› ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ēī„›ī„ĩī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŧī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ŗī„Žī……ī…ž ī„œī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ąī„ĩī…‚ī„ąī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…žī„ī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĸī„Žī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„Ŧī„ĩī„ĸī…‚ī„ąī…œī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩī…žī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„—ī„›ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„Ŧī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ļī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„— ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„”ī„ ī…‚ī…ƒī„ĩī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ĩī……ī„›ī…‚ī„¸ī„Ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ēī…‹ī„ŋī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„•ī…žī„Ž ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„­ī„Ž ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī…ƒī„Ŧī„’ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„žī…‹ī„ĩ
ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„ļī„” ī„ēī…œī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‡ī„Ē ī„›ī„” ī„ēī„› ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„ļī„ĸ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡îĨĄ
ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī…œī„Žī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī…ƒī„ēī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ąī……ī„ĩī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŧī„Ēī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„‘ī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī…‰ī…ƒī„Ēī„›
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„Ēī„¯ī…‚ī„Ŧī„› ī„ĸī…„ī„¸ī„Ž ī…ƒī„ĸī„–ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī……ī…œī„ĸī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
4. ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸
12
Easy2Siksha
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„§ ī…œī„žī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧ ī„ĩī„ī…‚ī„ŗī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī„” ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„Žī…„
ī„
ī„ģ ī„ĩī…žī„œī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„ĸī…‚ī…ƒī„ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹
ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī„Ž:
â€ĸ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī„ĩī„Šī…‚: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„› ī„’ī„ĩī…„ī„’ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ, ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ĩī„Ģī„Žī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ļī…„ī„ī„ŋī…§ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž, ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…ˆ
ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī„ģī……ī…œī„ ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…žī„œī…‹-ī„¸ī…žī„œī„ĩī…‡ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ī„Ŗī…‚ ī„Ĩī…„ī„ ī…‚
ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧī…† ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„’ī„­ī……ī…ƒī„Žī„›ī…„ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„’ī„­ī……ī…ƒī„Žī„›ī…„ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ēī„Ž ī…œ
ī„’ī„­ī……ī…ƒī„Žī„› ī„ēī…œī„ēī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‚ī„-ī„›ī…„ī„ŗī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„Žī……ī„› ī„ļ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„”îĨĄ
ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„Ēī„ĩī„›ī„šī…„ī„ļ, ī„Žī…‰ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„ŗī…ƒī„ļī„Ē ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„Ŧī„Ŧ
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„ąī„ēī„Ēī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„´ī……ī…žī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī…§ī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩ ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„¸ī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ĸī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ļī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī…„ ī„•ī„ģ ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„¯ī……ī„Žī„ĩ-
ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„Žī…‡ī…ƒī„ŋī„™ī„ ī„ĸī……ī„ŋī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„— ī„ēī„Ž, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„”
ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ąī„ĩī…‚ī„ąī„ĩī…„, ī…ƒī„ēī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡
ī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„ŗī…ƒī„ļī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ī„Ēī…„ī„šī…„ī„ļ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„šī„Ĩī…„ī„›ī…‹ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„’ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…„
ī„ŗī„Ŧī„Ŧ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ļī…„ī„§ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ēī„Ē: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ ī…œī„Ēī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„¸ī„Ĩ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„¸ī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩī„ģī…‡îĨĄ ī„“ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„›ī…‡ī„šī……ī„ą ī„ ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ēī…‡ī„Ž ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ĸī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…žī„ī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„›
ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī…„ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī…ƒī„ąī…œī„Ŧī„ĩī„Žī…‚ī„Ģ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„ī…‹ī„ĩ, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī……ī„ŋī…‡
ī„ģī…‹ī„— ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„ļī„œī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„’ī„Ŧī„ĩī„šī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…žī„ī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„•
ī„
ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
5. ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ļī…‹ī„ ī„Žī…‚ ī…‚ī„
ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’, ī„•ī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„›ī„” ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„’ī„ļī…‹ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¸ī…„ ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī„Ž:
â€ĸ ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē ī„¯ī„ģī……ī…œī„ : ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ ī„ļī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„ĩ ī„ŋī…§ī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī…‚ ī„ļī„” ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī…ƒī„žī„’ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„›ī…žī„Ĩī„ŋī„¯ī…œī„Ģī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„¯ī…žī„Ąī„ŗī…„ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„Ŧī…‡ī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ģ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ēī„¸ī…„ī…ƒī„›ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„”
ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩī…†ī„Žī…„ ī…œī„§: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī„” ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„Žī…„ ī„¸ī…œī„§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„‘ī„Žī……ī„˛ī„¸ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī„œī…‚ī„ē ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…žī„Ąī„ŗī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…žī„Ŧ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī…žī…ƒī„Ŧī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ļī…‰ ī„›ī…‡îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„¸ī…œī„§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„›ī„ŗī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ
ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ī„Ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„› ī„’ī…ƒī„Ŧ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„­ī„ĩī„Ž
ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸîĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„’ī„ĩī„Ģī…‹ī„§ī…‚ī„›ī„ē ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧī…†ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„ļī…‹ī„ ī„Žī…‚: ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩ ī„ŋī…§ī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŧī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’, ī…ƒī„ĸī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī„ĩī…œī„¯ī„ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ē ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ģī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ēī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„”
ī„œī„Ēī„ĩī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„Ŧī…‡ī…ƒī„œī„’îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„›ī„” ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸī„› ī„˛ī…‡ī„Ŧī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ŗī…Šī„ąī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„Ŧī……ī„šī„ŗī„Šī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
13
Easy2Siksha
6. ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„Ĩī…‚
ī„ąī…Ĩī„ģī„ŗī…‹ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Žī…‡ 19ī„¸ī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚
ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„”îĨĄ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„”ī„šī„¸ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ļī„Ē, ī„ŗ ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ ī„ĸī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩī…žī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ēī„ĩī„›ī„šī…„ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…‡, ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡
ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„šī……ī…žī„­ ī„‘ ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„­ī……ī…ƒī„Žī„› ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ģī…„ ī„ēī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ģī…‚ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„›
ī„ąī……ī„ĩī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŧī„Ēī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž, ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Ē ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī„ē
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„´ī„Ēī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„¸ī…žī„ļ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„›ī„Ŧī„ŗ ī„ ī……ī…žī„›ī…‡ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ
ī„ēī…‰ī„›ī„šī„Ž-ī„ēī…„
5. ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ī…œī„˛ī…„ī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„  ī„›ī„ĩī…‹ 6. ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚
ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī„šī……ī„ĩī…† ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…„?
ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ:ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„žī……ī„ļī…‚ī„Ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„œī…‚ī„ŋ ī„ēī……ī…žī„Ĩī„Š
ī„ļī„” ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī„›ī…žī„Ĩī„ŋī„¯ī…œī„Ģī…„ ī„ī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…œī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„
ī„‘ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„­ī„Ž ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ē ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ
ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„, ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„ģī„ĩ ī„ļī…‚ī„ļ ī„Žī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„˛ī…‚ī„š ī„ ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ąī…‹ī„ē ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…„ī„’ī„
ī„šī„œī„ēī…„ī„‘ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž
ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„”îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Š ī„ļī„”, ī„’ī„™ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļ ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī„ĩī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„´ī…‚ī„Ŧī„ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„›ī…‡
ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ēī…‹ī„ŋī…„ī„—îĨĄ
1. ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„¨
â€ĸ ī„šī……ī„ĩī…†ī„’ī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩī„Ēī…‚:1707 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī……ī„ī„ļ ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī„Ēī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ŗī„žī„ą ī„Ē ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„°ī…‰ī„ļ ī„ī„”îĨĄ 1857 ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ,
ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…„ ī„ĸī…œī„ ī„¸ī…„ ī…ƒī„›ī„ģī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰, ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„ēī…„ ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„‘ī…œī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ
ī…ƒī„ĩī„ģī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„œī„ļī…‚ī„° ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ēī…œī„ī…ƒī„Ļī„Ē ī„´ī„Ēī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī„ŋī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ēī…‰ī„‘ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī…ƒ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī„ĩī„Žī…‚:ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„› ī„°ī„ĩī…‚ī„ī„ēī…„ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ŗī„ĩī…„ī„›ī…„
ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„žī……ī„ļī„ŗ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„Ēī…‚ī„›ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„ĩī„Ēī…Œ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡
ī„Žī…ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ ī…œī…ƒī„ĸī„’ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…ī„ļī…„ ī„ĩī…€ī„Ēī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī…‚ī„š ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„ēī…œī„ēī„Ģī…‚ ī…‚ī„:ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„Žī……ī„šī…„ī„ļī„Ž ī„ēī…ƒī„ŗī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĸī……ī„ī…‚ī„ī„Ēī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī„ŗī„ĩī…„ī„›ī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ī„Ŧī„ĩ
ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģ ī„ēī„˛ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¯ī……ī„ĩī…‚ī„Šī…„ī„’ī„ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„ĸī„Ģī…‡ī„ąī…œī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„•ī„ģ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē
ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„ģī…ƒī„Ģī„’ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„ĩī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ē ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
14
Easy2Siksha
2. ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„ēī„ĩī„ī„ĩī„ŗī…„ī„’ī„
â€ĸ ī„ąī…œī„ą ī„­ī„ŗī…‚ī„›ī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ģī…žī…ƒī„Ēī„’ ī…‚ī„:ī„˛ī„ī„Ē ī…ƒī„ēī…œī„ž, ī„ ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩī„šī…‡ī„œī„ĩ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„ī……ī„ĩ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„›ī„” ī„•ī…žī„  ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩī…„ ī„ģī„ŗī„ļī…‡ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„ēī„˛ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī„šī„ģ ī„ĩ ī„ēī…‚ī„ī„§ī„ĩī„ē, ī„“ī…žī„›
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„¯ī……ī…ƒī„ļī„ē ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„, ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī„Ēī„ļ ī„ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„› 1928 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī„ī„Ē ī…ƒī„ēī…œī„ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„ī……ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„ļī…‚ī„ļī…‚
ī„ļī…‚ī„ĸī„¯ī„Ē ī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī…‚ ī„ļī…‰ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„Ŋī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ:ī„Ŋī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„, ī„ēī…œī„´ī……ī„›ī„Ē ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…‰ī„Žī…‡ī„§ī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ē
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„°ī…ī„ĸ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ąī„ī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī„ŋī„›ī…‚ī„•ī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›
ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„šī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ēī…ƒī„›ī„’, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„Ŧī…„
ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…ƒī„›ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī„ĩī„šī„Ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„›ī…‚ī„›ī…‹ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī…‚ī…ƒī„žī„š:1925 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī…‚ī„Ŧ ī…ƒī„ąī„ēī…ƒī„ŗī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„šī„°ī…‚ī„›ī……ī…žī„ļī…‚ ī„œī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģ ī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„›ī…‹ī„ĩī…„, ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‡ī„ŋī…‡ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„¯ī…‰ī„ēī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ļī…‰ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Š ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…„
ī„ĩī…‡ī„ļī„ī…žī„§ī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ļī……ī…žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’îĨĄ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„“ī„ģ ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„ĸī…‹ī„š ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ī„› ī„ąī„Š ī…ƒī„ī„’îĨĄ
3. ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚
â€ĸ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…†ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚:ī„˛ī„ī„Ē ī…ƒī„ēī…œī„ž, ī„ēī……ī„œī„Ŧī…‡ī„¸ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„ī……ī„ĩ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ŗī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„›ī……ī„ĩī„ąī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…„ī„ŋī…§ī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī…‹ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ąī…‡ī„ĩī…ƒī„ģī„ŗī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„°ī…ī„ĩī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„ŋ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„ĩ
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī„› ī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„Žī…†ī…œ ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī„Šī…‚:ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…„ī„’ī„, ī„œī…‚ī„ē ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡ ī„˛ī„ī„Ē ī…ƒī„ēī…œī„ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„›ī…žī„Ŧī„ŗī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„°ī…‚ī„ī„ēī…„
ī„Žī…‡ ī„ļī…‹ī„› ī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…ˆ ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī…ƒī„›ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„˛ī„ī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĸī„ī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„¸ī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ī„‘:ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī…€ī…„ ī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ī„‘ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„
ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī……ī„ĩī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„•ī„¯ī…‚ī„‘ ī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŧī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„ŗī„žī„ą ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„žī„ī…„ ī„¸ī„­ ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
4. ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ąī…‹ī„›ī„ŋ:ī„ĸī…ƒī„ļī…§ī„’ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„ ī„›ī„Ēī„ļī…‡ī„’ī„ŗ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ŗī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ĩī…‹ī„ļī„Ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ 1920 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„•ī„ļī„Ĩ,
ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­, ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„ēī…žī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ī…Ĩī…ƒī„ģ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ļī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š:ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļ, ī„ēī„› ī„ļī…‚ī„, ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī„ŗī…‡ī„Ē
ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ĩ ī„¯ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„¸ī…‚ī„¯ī„ē ī„ļī…‰ ī„›ī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī„­ī„ĩī…œī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ĸī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ī…„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…„:ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Žī…‚-ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī„¸ī„ĩī„Ēī„Š ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…žī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„˛ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ļī…žī„œī…‚ī„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ ī…œī…ƒī„ĸī„’îĨĄ
ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī……ī„ļī…„ī„Ž ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī„› ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„¸ī…žī„ļ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„Žī„šī…‚ī„Žī„Ŧī…‡ī„ģī…„ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž, ī„ŗī„žī„Ŧ ī„ĩ, ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„Ŧī„’ī„ĩī„Ģī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ē :ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…‚ ī„ĸī„Ž ī„Ēī„› ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩī…‚ī„
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„”ī„ ī…‚ī…ƒī„ĩī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„“ī…žī„›ī„ĸī……ī…žī„Ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ
ī…ƒī„Ŧī„œī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī…ƒī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…‡ ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī„ĩī„šī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī…œī„ī…ƒī„Ļī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ļī…‚ī„ŗī„ąī…œī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ
15
Easy2Siksha
5. ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒ ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī„ąī…œī„­
â€ĸ ī…žī„œ- ī…žī„œ ī„¯ī„ģī……ī…œī„ , ī„“ī…žī„›ī…‹ ī„Ĩī…„ī„ ī…‚:ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Žī…‚-ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī„¸ī„ĩī„Ēī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…ˆ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„“ī…žī„›ī…‹ ī„Ĩī…„ī„ ī…‡ ī„ļī„”
ī„ēī„Ž-ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„›ī…‡ ī„¸ī…žī„œī„ĩī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„ģī…ƒī„Ģī„’ī„ĩī„ąī…œī„Ŧ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„š ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ ī…ƒī„› ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„š ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„’ī„¯ī„ēī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ ī…ƒī„› ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„›ī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī„ēī„Ž, ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„ēī„ĩī„ī„ĩī„ŗī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„Žī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„žī…œī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ĩī…žī„œ ī„›ī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ ī„ĩī„› ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„›
ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī„› ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž:ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī……ī„ĩī„ąī…‚ī„Žī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…œī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„ļī„” ī„ģī„ŗī„Ŧī„ĩī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…ˆ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī…ƒī„›ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚,
ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĸī…‹ ī„ēī…ƒī„Ēī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚, ī„•ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…‡ ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‹ī„ģī„ĩī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ī„‘ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ī„’ī„
ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ŋ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„ŗī„ĸī„ą ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ŗī…ƒī„ģī„ē ī„ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ
ī„›ī…‚ī„“ī„ŗ ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Šī…‚ ī„šī„œī…‚ ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ ī…ƒī„ĩī„ģī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
6. ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„Ĩī…‚: ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ēī„Ē
â€ĸ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž, ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„› ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„°ī…ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ĩī…„ī…ƒī„ ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„ģī„ŗī…‡ī„šī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„°ī„ļ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…œī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡
ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„Žī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„žī…œī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ĩī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„•ī„Š ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…„ī„ŋī…§ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„ĸī…‚ī„ĩī…„
ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„ļī„” ī„¯ī…†ī„ĩī„›:ī„“ī„Žī„›ī„ļī…‚ī„ąī…„ ī„ēī„ĩī„ī„ĩī„ŗī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Žī…‚-ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī„¸ī„ĩī„Ēī„Ž ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„“ī…žī„›ī…‹ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„›ī…‡
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‹ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…ˆ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…œī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī„ŗ ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„ļī„” ī„žī„ĩ ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī…ƒī„›
ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī„ŗī…‹ī„ĩī…ƒī„ ī„’ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ī„‘ ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„˛ī…ƒ ī…žī„œ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī„ĩī„Žī…‚:ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‚ī„ēī„Ē ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē
ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…„ ī„ĩī„ģī…„, ī„ēī……ī„˛ī…‚ī„š ī„ ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ąī…‹ī„ē ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„œī…‚ī„ŋī„› ī„¯ī„ģī……ī…œī„  ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„
ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„•ī„Ļī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī„ ī„ļī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī„ēī…„?
1. ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ąī…‹ī„›ī„ŋ
â€ĸ ī„ĩī…‹ī„ļī„Ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ (1919):ī„ĩī…ī„ļī„Ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…žī„Ēī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„šī…žī„›ī…„ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‡ ī„¸ī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„‘ī„›ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī…ƒī„ąī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„ŗī……ī„›ī…žī„Ŧī„ŗī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…‰ī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī„ĸī…‚ī„žī„Ē ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ž
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī„ĩī„šī„Ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ĸī…ƒī„ļī…§ī„’ī„ ī…‚ī„ļī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„ ī„›ī„Ēī„ļī…‡ī„’ī„ŗ (1919):ī„ĸī…ƒī„ļī…§ī„’ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī„Ēī„ļī…‡ī„’ī„ŗ, ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģ ī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„°ī…ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡
ī„ēī…Šī„›ī„ŋī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„ģī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī„ĩī„šī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„´ī„›ī…„ī„Ž
ī…ƒī„Ŧī„¸ī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī…ƒī„› ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Žī…‰ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ŗī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„ŧī„ļī…‚ī…€ī„Ē ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ:ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„¸ī…„ ī„“ī„ēī„ļī…‚ī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„—ī„›ī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ī„› ī„™ī„Ĩī…‹ī„ŗī…‰ī„Ž ī„ŧī„ļī…„ī…€ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ĩī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„”
ī„ ī…žī„ļ ī„ĩī„ģī…„ ī…ƒī„ŧī„ļī…‚ī…€ī„Ē ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ ī…‚ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„•ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī…œī„Žī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī„ē ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž
ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī……ī„ŋ ī„›ī…‡ ī„•ī„ģ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī„ļī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„“ī„›ī„ĸī……ī…žī„Ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
16
Easy2Siksha
2. ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„Ēī…†ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…‡ ī…‚ ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ:ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļ, ī„ēī„› ī„ļī…‚ī„, ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī……ī„›ī…œī„ŗī„ļ ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…žī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„•ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī…œī„Žī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ
ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„›ī„ŗī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ī„šī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ:ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„-ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„” ī„¸ī„ēī„Ē ī„’ī„ (ī„ēī„¸ī„Ŧī…‡ī„šī…„) ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„ĩī„Ēī…Œ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ģī…Šī„§ī„ļ ī„ŗ ī„ąī……ī„Šī…‚ī„”
ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„“ī„Ēī…„ ī„•ī„Ŧī„´ī…‹ī„ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī……ī„ŋ ī„ēī……ī„ĩī„ĸī…„ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„ēī„¸ī…‰-ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī„˛ī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī„› ī„›ī„Ŧī„ŗ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ē ī…‰-ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ (ī„ē ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ):ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī„ŗ ī„Ĩī…„ī„ ī…‚ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ļī„” ī„ēī„¸ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„¸ī…‰-ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē
ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī…œī„Žī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī„ĸī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī…€ī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„› ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī…‹ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī„Ž, ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„ž
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„ŗī„ĸī„ą ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ī„Šī„ī…‡îĨĄ
3. ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…‹ī„ĩī„ē
â€ĸ ī„ĸī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ī…„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…„:ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…„ ī„šī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„‘ī„Ē ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
ī„“ī„ģ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…„ ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„, ī„ŗī„žī„Ŧ ī„ĩī…‚ī„, ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„Ŧī„’ ī„ĩī„Ģī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„ŗī…‡ī„Ē ī„ļī…žī„œī…‚ī„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡
ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī„ĩī„ī„ĩī„ŗī…„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī„ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ļī„’îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„ ī…ī„ĩī…„ ī„ ī…ī„ĩī…‚ ī„žī„Ĩī„Žī…‚ (1922):ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī„ļī…‰ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ ī„ ī…ī„ĩī…„ ī„ ī…ī„ĩī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī„ĩī„šī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„
ī„Žī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī……ī…ƒī„ļī„ē ī„ēī„Ĩī…‡ī„šī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…žī„ ī„ļī„ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  22 ī„¯ī……ī…ƒī„ļī„ē ī„›ī„ĩī„ŗī„ ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ī„—îĨĄ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚
ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī…žī„›ī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ē ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Š ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„“ī„ē ī„žī„Ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„Ŧī……ī„œī…„ ī„ģī…‹ī„— ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī…œī„Ŧ
ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„°ī…‰ī„ēī„ļī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
4. ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚
â€ĸ ī…ƒ ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„ĩī…†ī„›ī„Ēī…‚:ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„ ī…‡ī„Ēī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„Žī…‚
ī„ĸī„ī…‚ī„”îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„¯ī„ģī……ī…œī„ ī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī…žī„ ī„ŗī……ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„›ī…ī„ŗī…„
ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„—ī„›ī„Ēī…‚:ī„“ī„ē ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„  ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ŗī……ī„ēī„ļī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„“ī„›ī„ĸī……ī…žī„Ĩ ī„› ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„”îĨĄ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„œī„ļī…‚ī„°ī„Ē ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„ļī„”
ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„°ī„ĩī„› ī„ŗī„Ēī„˛ī…‡ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧ ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„Ŧī„Ŧ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī…ƒī„­ī„’ ī„Ŧī„ŗī„Ž:ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ŗī„Ž ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī„ŗ ī…ƒī„ģī„›
ī…ƒī„ī…Ĩī„°ī„Ēī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…Šī„ēī„ĩī…ƒī„šī„¯ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„”
ī„ļī„ŋī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„›ī„ļī„¯ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī„žī„ą ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
â€ĸ ī„˛ī…ƒ ī…žī„œ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„ąī……ī…ƒī„Žī„’ī„Ŧ:ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„› ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī……ī„‘ī…žī„Ēī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’
ī„ēī…„, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ēī„¸ī„ļ ī„Žī…‚ī„°ī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž (1930) ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ąī…žī„§ī…‹ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž (1942) ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„˛ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„œ
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Žī…„
ī„
ī„ģ ī„ĩī…žī„œī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…œī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚
ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„¸ī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„Ĩī…‚
ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…ˆ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…œī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ĩī……ī…žī„Ĩ ī„‘ī…œī„ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„ģī„ĩī…‡ī„› ī„Žī…‡
ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„›ī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„´ī…‹ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ ī…ƒī„› ī„›ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ŗī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī……ī„ĩī„ąī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„ļī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚,
ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‹ī…ƒī„ŋī„’ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„ēī„­ī…‚ī„ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„›ī…žī„Ļī…‡ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļ ī„›ī…‡, ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„•ī„ģ ī„ī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„°ī„ļī„ēī„ĩ ī„¯ 1947 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„
17
Easy2Siksha
ī„‘ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‹ī„”îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‹ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„šī„Ĩī…„ī„›ī…‹ī„Šī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„ēī…„ ī„Ēī…‚ī„ļī„ŗī…‡ī„ļ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Š ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ī……ī…œī„Ŗī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ŗī…„ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„Ŧī„Ŧ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
6. ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ē ī„ąī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ ī„ĩī„ ī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ
ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ: ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩī…†ī„’ī„Ē: 1707 ī„Ēī…Œ 1857 ī„Ēī…žī„›
1. ī„ŗī……ī„ī„ļ ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī„Ēī„Ž (1707):
o 1707 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ąī…‚ī„Ŧī„šī…‚ī„ģ ī„šī„ĩī…œī„ī„žī…‡ī„ą ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…ī„Ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ī„ļ ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī„Ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ
ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī„  ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩī…„ ī„‘ī„Ģī…‚ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„ ī„›ī„ŗī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ ī„ī„”, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„° ī……ī…žī„Ĩ ī„¯ī…‰
ī„ī„”îĨĄ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„¸ī…ˆ ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī…ƒī„Ļī„’ī„, ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„œī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„¯ ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡, ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„
ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ī„‘ī„¸ī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
2. ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩ:
o ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¸ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„› ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„ēī…„, ī„Žī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ēī…„
ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„°ī…‚ī„“ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ļī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„°ī…ī„ĸī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„ēī…‚ī„­ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„“ī„ļī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„’ī„ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī„ąī„žī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ 1757 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī„ļī…‚ī„ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ 1764
ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ąī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„ŋī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ļī„” ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ĸī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ ī„Ŧī„ąī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„“ī„ŗ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
3. ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„ĩ:
o 19ī„¸ī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„ĩī…œī„˛ ī„Ēī…žī„›, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…‡ ī„°ī…ī„ĸī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ēī…‚ī„, ī„ī„Ļī„ĸī…‹ī„ŋī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„­ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„ĩī„Š ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„žī„’ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ēī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī„ēī…‡ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ļī…‚ī„ĩī„§
ī„§ī„ļī„ģī…ī„žī…„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„” ī„˛ī……ī…žī„ļ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„ēī„­ī…‚ī„ī„Ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‡ ī„¸ī…„ ī…ƒī„ĩī„’ī„ēī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‹ī„ŋī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī„ĸī…‚ī„žī„Ē ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„› ī„ŗī„ĩī„Ŧ ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩī„ē ī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„ąī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„ŗī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„,
ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
4. ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š:
o ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„ļī…‚ī„˛ ī„ļī„” ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ĩī…‹ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„
'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ē ī„ļī„ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‡, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ī„ĩī…„ī„ąī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„›ī…‚ī„ļ ī„¯ī…‰ ī…ƒī„ī„’îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„•ī„Ŧī„´ī…‹ī„ī…‚ī„, ī„œī…‚ī„ē ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ēī„Ĩī…‚ī„”ī„ļ, ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Žī……ī„›ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŗī…žī„ļī„Šī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’ ī„ĸī…‹
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„¸ī„ēī„Ē ī„’ ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š ī„Žī…‡
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ĩī…‹ī„ē ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„› ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…„ ī„ĸī…œī„ (1857)
5. 1857 ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ąī„Ŋī…‚ ī„Ē:
o 1857 ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…„ ī„ĸī…œī„ ī„¸ī…„ ī…ƒī„›ī„ģī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡
ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ, ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„› ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ, ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ēī„¯ī…‚ī„ģī…„ī„’ī„ (ī…ƒī„ēī„¯ī…‚ī„ģī…„ī„’ī„)
ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’ ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„ĸī„ļī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„°ī…‰ī„ļ ī…ƒī„ī„’îĨĄ
ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„˛ī„ŋī„›ī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„,
ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…žī…ƒī„˛ī„’ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩī„› ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„¸ī…‡ī„Ŧī„Žī„šī…„ī„ļī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĸī…‚ī„Žī„¸ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„ ī„ĩī„ąī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„ĩī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ēī…‰ī…ƒī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
18
Easy2Siksha
6. 1857 ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒ ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‹ī„ģ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„Ēī…‚:
o ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…ˆ ī„ąī„Ŋī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī……ī„ ī„ļ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„
ī„ ī…‡ī„Ēī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„Ŧī„ĩī„ēī…‚ī„•
ī„
ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰ ī…ƒī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī…žī„Ģ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…ˆ ī„•ī„ē ī„ēī„ŗī…ˆ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„—ī„›ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ēī…‚ī„ļī„ŗī…‡ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„žī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„”ī„ēī„Ĩ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„›ī…œī„¯ī„Žī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…œī„ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ 1858 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„—, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…‚ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„ļī…‰ ī…ƒī„ļī„’îĨĄ
ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩ ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē (1885)
7. ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„‘ī„Ž ī„Žī…‰ī„šī„Žī„ļ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ī„Ļī„Ž:
o ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„‘ī„Ž ī„Žī…‰ī„šī„Žī„ļ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē (INC) ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚ 1885 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī„ŋī…§ī…‡-ī…ƒī„ļī„œī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  AO Hume, ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„ŗī……ī„›ī„Ē ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„¸ī…„
ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , INC ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„šī„›ī…‚ī„“ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„¸ī…‚ī„ž ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Šī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ INC ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ēī…„ ī„¯ī„ŋī…‚ī„‘ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ŧī…‚ī„˛ī…‚ī„” ī„Žī…ī„ĩī…‹ī„ĸī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ī…‹ī„¯ī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„›ī…Ĩī„šī„Ž ī„ī…‹ī„œī„ļī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„ŗī…žī„­ī„ŗ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Ŧī„ąī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„¯ī„Ĩī…„ī„šī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ī…žī„ļī„ąī…‚ī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ē ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
8. ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩ ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒ ī„›ī…‚ī„ē:
o 19ī„¸ī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ē ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„šī…‹ī„šī„Š,
ī„Žī„ēī„ļī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ēī„›ī„ĩī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī„ŗī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ž ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„¸ī…ƒī„­ī„’îĨĄ ī„ļī…‚ī„ĩī„§ ī„›ī„ĩī„žī„Ž
ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ 1905 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī„ēī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī„ļī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„
ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…ƒī„ŗī„› ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡ ī„¸ī…œī„§ī…‹ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„Ŧī…‡ī…ƒī„œī„’ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„¸ī…œī„§
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŧī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī„¸ī„Ŧī…‡ī„šī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’, ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„¸ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„-ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī„•ī„Ēī„¯ī…‚ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„Ēī„šī…‚ī…ƒī„ģī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…‡ ī…ƒ ī„š ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ (1919-1922)
9. ī…ƒ ī„š ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ I ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ:
o ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ (1914-1918) ī„Ŧī…ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…‡ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī…‡
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¸ī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, 1919 ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ŗī…Œī„Ĩī…‰ī„ -ī„ ī…‡ī„ŗī„ēī„°ī…‹ī„ĩī„§ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„•ī„ŗī…„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„žī…žī„Ĩ ī„ī„—, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩī…„ ī„°ī…‰ī„ļ ī„ī„”îĨĄ 1919 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĸī…ƒī„ļī…§ī„’ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‚
ī„ąī…‚ī„ ī„›ī„Ēī„ļī…‡ī„’ī„ŗ, ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„°ī…ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī…Šī„›ī„ŋī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„ģī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĩī„’, ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ī……ī…žī„ēī…‡ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„˛ī„ŋī„›ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
10. ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž (1920-1922):
o ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„¯ī„ŋī…‚ī„‘ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ (ī„ēī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ī…Ĩī…ƒī„ģ) ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ļī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„¸ī„ēī„Ē ī„’ī„, ī„ēī…œī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„¯ī…„ī„ļ
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ģī„ĩ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’
ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…œī„ī„ĩī…‚ī„ŗ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĸī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ī…„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„¸ī…žī„ļ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī…‚ī„‘ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›
ī„ ī…ī„ĩī…„ ī„ ī…ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„§ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ 1922 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī…œī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„› ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„›
ī„Ŗī„ŋī„¯ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„¯ī……ī…ƒī„ļī„ē ī„›ī„ĩī„ŗī„ ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…ī„Ē ī„ģī…‹ ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„, ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„ģī…„ ī„ļī…žī„œī…‚ī„
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„ļī…‚ī„ŗī„ąī…œī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
19
Easy2Siksha
ī…ƒī„ē ī„ļ ī„Žī…‚ī…€ī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…†ī„ĩī„Ž ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„
11. ī…ƒī„ē ī„ļ ī„Žī…‚ī…€ī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž (1930-1934):
o 1930 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„ ī„ļī…‚ī„” ī„ī„” ī…ƒī„ēī„¸ī„ļ ī„Žī…‚ī„°ī……ī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī„›ī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„¯ ī„ĩī„¸ī„› ī„•ī„ļī…œī„žī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ĩī„  1930 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„Žī„ŗī„› ī„ŗī…‚ī„ĩī„  (ī„§ī…‚ī„ī„§ī…„
ī„ŗī…‚ī„ĩī„ ) ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…‰ī„ĩī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ļ ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„•ī„Ēī„¯ī…‚ī„Ŧī„Ž ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„‘ī„ĸī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„—, ī„Žī„ŗī„› ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„‘ī„ĩī„ą ī„ēī…‚ī„ī„ĩ
ī„¸ī…žī„ļ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ĩī„  ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„˛ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ī…„ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„œī…„, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„Ĩī…‰ī„›ī„ē
ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„¸ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī„ēī„Ēī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„
ī„›ī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ēī…‹ī…ƒī„ŋī„’îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„› ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī…œī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„, ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ī„‘ ī„¯ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
12. ī„¯ī…†ī„ĩī„Ž ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„:
o 1920 ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ģī…‚ī„›ī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„œī…„ī„ĩ ī„Ēī…žī„›, INC ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ (ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī„¸ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ) ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„Žī…‡
ī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„°ī„ŋ ī…ƒī„ļī„’îĨĄ 26 ī„ĸī„Žī„¸ī„ĩī…„, 1930 ī„Ž ī…œ , INC ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩī……ī„Ēī„ąī…‡ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩī…žī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„—
ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī„¸ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī„ŗ ī„Ĩī…„ī„ ī…‚ ī„žī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„ēī„ŗī…ˆ ī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ
ī„›ī…žī„Ĩī„ŋī„¯ī…œī„Ģī…„ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„¸ī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī…ƒī„œī„’, ī…ƒī„ĸī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„› ī„ēī……ī„˛ī…‚ī„š ī„ ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ąī…‹ī„ē, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē
ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ģī„ŗī„ļī…‚ī„¸ī„ĩ ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī…ƒī„›ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ē ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
ī„Ŧī…†ī„ĸī…‚ ī…ƒ ī„š ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī…ƒī„Ēī„ŗ ī„¯ī„ŋī…‚ī„‘
13. ī„Ŧī…†ī„ĸī…‚ ī…ƒ ī„š ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ąī…žī„§ī…‹ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž (1942):
o 1939 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„Ŧ ī„ĸī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ī„Š ī„Žī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„°ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ąī…œī„­ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„¯ī„ĩī„œ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ēī„ļī…‚ī„ģ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī„Žī…‚ī„, ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ĸī…œī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„
ī„šī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„‘ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„˜ī„ļī…‚ī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ī……ī…žī„ēī…‚ ī„°ī…‰ī…ƒī„ļī„’ , ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ 1942 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ,
ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ēī……ī„ĩī…œī„Ē ī„œī„Ēī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„— ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ąī…žī„§ī…‹ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„šī……ī„ĩ
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŧī„Ē ī„ĸī„ąī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’, ī„ģī„žī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„›ī……ī„Žī…‚ī„
ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„ī…Ĩī„°ī„Ēī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’îĨĄ ī„›ī„ĩī…‰ī„›ī„§ī…‚ī„–ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī…‚ī„¸ī„ĸ ī„Ŧ, ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„”
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„ŋ ī„“ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧī„ĩī„ēī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
14. ī„ēī……ī„˛ī…‚ī„š ī„ ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ąī…‹ī„ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„˛ī…†ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚:
o ī„ēī……ī„˛ī…‚ī„š ī„ ī…œī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ąī…‹ī„ē, ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī„› ī„¯ī„ģī……ī…œī„  ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„ŗī„Ē ī„ēī…„, ī„Žī…‡
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ļī„ŋī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„Ŧ ī„ĸī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„Ŧī…ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ž ī„ĸī„ĩī„ŗī„Žī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĸī…‚ī„¯ī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī„Ŧī„Ŧ ī„ŗī…œī„ī…„îĨĄ
ī„•ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„‘ī„Ž ī„Žī…‰ī„šī„Žī„ļ ī„’ī„ĩī„ŗī…„ (INA) ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„” ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĸī…‚ī„¯ī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„°ī…ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ
ī„ļī…ƒī„ŋī„’îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„› ī„‘ī…œī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  INA ī„ģī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„, ī„ąī…‹ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„´ī„Ēī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ī„‘ ī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…œī„§ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ĩī„ (1947)
15. ī„ĸī…œī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒ ī„›ī…‚ī„ē:
o ī„Ŧ ī„ĸī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ, ī„ąī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„Žī…„ī„’ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī„ŗī„ž ī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ ī…ƒī„ī„’
ī„ēī…„îĨĄ 1945 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ąī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„Žī…„ī„’ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„’ī„” ī„ļī…‡ī„ąī„ĩ ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„›ī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„œī„’ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ģī„ŗī„Ŧī„ĩī„Ŧ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ 1946 ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ĸī„ļ ī„ēī…‰ī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī„ī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē, ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„‘ī„šī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„°ī„ĩī„› ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„´ī„›ī…„ī„Ž ī…ƒī„Ŧī„¸ī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī…ƒī„› ī„•ī„ģ ī„ģī……ī„Š ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ĩī…žī„œ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‡îĨĄ
20
Easy2Siksha
16. ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī…‚ī„–
ī„
ī„Ĩī„ąī…‰ī„Ĩī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚:
o 1946 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„šī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„ąī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ī…žī„ļī„ąī…‚ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ
ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„˛ī…‡ī…ƒī„ĸī„’îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ē ī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„¸ī…‚ī„ļ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ģī…œī„ŗī„Ŧ ī„‘ī„ļī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī„Žī…‚ī„ģ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…„ INC ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ŗī„Ēī„˛ī…‡ī„Ŧ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„§ī…‰ī…žī„§ī„ļī…‚ī„› ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī…‡îĨĄ
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„’ī„ŧī„ĩī…„ ī„¸ī…‚ī„“ī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„ļī…‚ī„ĩī„§ ī„ŗī…‚ī„–
ī„
ī„Ĩī„ąī…‰ī„Ĩī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧī…‹ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„šī…‚ī„: ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…œī„§ī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„¸ī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’
ī…ƒī„ī„’, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ 15 ī„‘ī„ī„ēī„Ē, 1947 ī„Ž ī…œ , ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī…„, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…„ī„ŗī„Ē 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī…ƒī„°ī„ĩī„› ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļîĨĄ
ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„Ēī…‚ (1707-1947)
17. ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ļī…œī„ŗī…‚ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š:
o 1707 ī„Ēī…Œ 1947 ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„” ī„ļī…œī„ąī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„šī„œī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧī„ĩī„ēī…‚ī„•
ī„
ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē
ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī…ƒī„¸ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ļī…‰ ī„›ī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„ī…ƒī„Ļī„Ē ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚,
ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī„› ī„ļī…‚ī„ŗī„ąī…œī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī„¯ī„ŋī…‚ī„‘ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī„Ž ī„ĸī…‹ ī„’ī„œī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī…žī„ļ ī„ļī…‰ ī„ī„—îĨĄ
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ĩī…‚ī„›ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…‚ī„­ī„Ž ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„¸ī„ĩī„Ēī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„ļī…žī„œī„Š
ī„ēī…„, ī„œī…‚ī„ē ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ îĨĄ
18. ī„‘ī„Žī…‡ī„›ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„—ī„›ī„Ēī…‚:
o ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ, ī„˛ī…‚ī„šī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…žī…ƒī„˛ī„’ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„˛ī…œī„Žī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„Ŧī„ĩī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„ąī…‚ī„¸ī„ĸ ī„Ŧ, ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„“ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„˛ī…œī„Žī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„“ī…žī„›ī„ĸī……ī…žī„Ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī„°ī„ļ
ī„ĩī„ģī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„¯ī„Ąī…‚ī„Š ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī…‚ī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„Žī…‚ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī……ī…žī„­ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ļī…‚ī„ŗī„ąī…œī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
19. ī„˛ī…ƒ ī…žī„œ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī„ĩī„Šī…‚:
o ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„Ŧī……ī„Žī…„ī„’ ī„˛ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī„” ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ąī„ēī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„
ī„ļī„” ī„ļī„ŋī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‡ī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„Ŧī„œī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī…ƒī„› ī…ƒī„Ŧī…Ĩī„ŋī…§ ī„“ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„“ī„›ī„ĸī……ī…žī„Ĩ ī„ļī…‹ī„› ī„ąī„ēī„Ēī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ī„¯ ī„ĩī„¸ī„› ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„œī…‚ī„ŋ
ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ
20. ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ēī„Ē:
o ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‚ī„ēī„Ē ī„’ī„­ī……ī…ƒī„Žī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩī„ģī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩ,
ī„­ī„ĩī„ŗ ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī„¯ī…žī„œī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī…ƒī„Žī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī„Ŧī„ĩī…‚ī„-ī„›ī…„ī„ŗī„Ēī…‚ī„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„› ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ēī„Ž,
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„Ŧī„ĩī„ĸ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„›,
ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī…ƒī„ĸī„› ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Žī…„
ī„
ī„ģ ī„¸ī…„ ī„ĩī…žī„œī…„îĨĄ
ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„Ĩī…‚
1707 ī„Ēī…Œ 1947 ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡
ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„•ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī„Ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ąī„ēī„Ēī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ļī…œī„ąī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧī…‡ī…ƒī„œī„’îĨĄ
21
Easy2Siksha
ī„ēī…‰ī„›ī„šī„Ž-ī„§ī…„
7. ī„ ī„ĩī„Žī„ŗī…Šī„Ĩ ī„’ī…€ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī…ƒ ī…žī„  ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„ąī…‚ī„ĩī…‡
ī„ ī„ĩī„ ī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’?
ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ: ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„
ī„ĸī…‚ī„Š-ī„¯ī„Ąī…‚ī„Š
1707 ī„Ēī…Œ 1947 ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„ēī„ŗī…ˆ ī„Ŧī…ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ž,
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ąī„ēī„Ēī…„ī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„­ī…„ī„Ž ī„ēī…„, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„›ī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„›ī…„
ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„— ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„Žī„¸ī…„
ī„
ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ž ī…œ
"ī„§ī…‚ī„“ī„ĩī„›ī…„" ī…ƒī„›ī„ģī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ģī…‹ī„— ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„“ī„ē
ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ąī…‹ī„›ī„ŋ
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„§ī……ī„ąī„›ī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…‚ī„, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī…œī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī…‡ī„š
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„, ī„•ī„ē ī„ēī…œī„Ŧī„ĩī„˛ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„žī„ĩ ī„ĩī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ (1914-1918) ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ, ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩī…„ ī„¸ī„­ ī„ĩī„ģī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„ĩī…ƒī„Ģī„› ī„Ēī…œī„ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„Ŧī…ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ž ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„¯ī„Ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›
ī„“ī„ģ ī„¸ī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ ī„ĩī…‡ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„—îĨĄ
ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„‘ī„Ž ī„Žī…‰ī„šī„Žī„ļ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē (ī„’ī„”.ī„˜ī„Ž.ī„ēī…„.) ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ēī„¸ī…‰-ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž
ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„šī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„‘ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ĩī„ģī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ŗī…ƒī„ģī„ē ī„ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„ŗī…œī„ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‡ ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…‡ ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ąī„ī…‚ī„¸ī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩī…‹ī„›ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„žī„ĩ ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē
ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē ī„ģī…‹ī„”, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ŗī…Œī„Ĩī…‰ī„ -ī„ ī…‡ī„ŗī„ēī„°ī…‹ī„ĩī„§ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„¸ī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī…ƒī„Šī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰,
ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Žī…‚ī„ŗ ī„˜ī„§ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ž ī„ŗī…Œī„Ĩī…‰ī„ , ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„ēī„›ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī…‚ī„“ī„ēī„ĩī…‚ī„— ī„ļī…‚ī„ĩī„§ ī„ ī…‡ī„ŗī„ēī„°ī…‹ī„ĩī„§ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ŗ
'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĩī…žī…ƒī„œī„’ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
Dyarchy ī„›ī…„ ī„ģī…‰?
Dyarchy, ī„´ ī„Žī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„šī„ąī„Ŧ "Di-arche" ī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ģī…‰, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ ī„‘ī„ĩī„Ģ ī„ģī…‰ "ī„Ŧī…‹ī„ģī„ĩī…‚ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ," ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī„­ī…„ī„Ž ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ēī…ƒī„ģī„Ē, ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž
ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧī…‹ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…œī…ƒī„§ī„’ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„:
1. ī„Ēī„ąī…‚ī„Ŧī„ļī…‡ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒ ī„šī…‡: ī„“ī„ģ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī…‡ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩ ī„ēī„Ž ī„ĸī…‹ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„— ī„ēī„Ž, ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„› ī„ē ī„ąī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„žī…œī„ŗī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ēī…žī…ƒī„œī„’, ī…ƒī„ēī„ģī„Ē,
ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„ēī„¸ī…‰-ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ
2. ī„ĩī…‚ī„œ ī…ˆ ī…ƒ ī„šī…‡: ī„“ī„ģ ī„ī„¸ī„ĩī„Žī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„ĸī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„‘ī„­ī…„ī„Ž ī„ĩī…žī„œī…‡ ī„ī„— ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī…‡ ī„ēī„Ž,
ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„žī…œī„ŗī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„›ī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„¸ī„ēī„Ģī…‚, ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„Ē, ī„¯ī……ī…ƒī„ļī„ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ļī…„ī„’
ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
22
Easy2Siksha
ī„ēī…‚ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„šī„ąī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī„Ēī„ļī„ą ī„ģī…‰ ī…ƒī„› ī„ē ī„ąī…‚ī„” ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧī…‹ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…œī…ƒī„§ī„’ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„ -
ī„“ī…žī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ ī„ĩī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧ ī„ĸī…‚ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„ĒîĨĄ
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī…ˆ ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„?
Dyarchy ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¯ī…žī„Ąī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ģī…ī„ļī…„-ī„ģī…ī„ļī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„Ēī„ĸī„ĩī„ąī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„ēī„¸ī…‰-ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„¸ī…žī„ļ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„›ī„Ŧī„ŗ ī„ēī…„, ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ēī„ĩī…§ī…‚ī„
ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰:
1. ī„ēī…†ī„ąī…‚ī„” ī…ƒ ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī…‚ī„: ī„ģī„ĩī…‡ī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī…žī„› ī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„¯ī…Ĩī…„ī„šī„Ŧ ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„ģī…žī„Ŧ ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„ ī……ī„Šī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„
ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„ģī…žī„Ŧ ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„Žī…‚ī„ŗī„žī„Ŧ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ ī……ī„Šī…‡ ī„ī„— ī„ŗī…Šī„ąī„ĩ ī…ƒī„žī„’ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ēī„ĩ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„Ēī„ąī…‚ī„Ŧī„ļī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„— ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„šī„’ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„ģī…‹ī„Šī…‚ ī„ ī…‚ī„ģī…„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
2. ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„: ī„Ēī„ąī…‚ī„Ŧī„ļī…‡ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„— ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„šī„’ī„ ī„ļī„”, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī……ī„›ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„— ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ
ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ ī„“ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„šī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„žī…œī„ŗī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ē ī„ąī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„ąī„Ŧī…‡ī„ģ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
3. ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„¯ī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„: ī„ģī„ĩ ī„ē ī„ąī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ī„¸ī„ĩī„Žī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ĩī…‚ī„œī„¸ī…„
ī„
ī„¯ī„ĩī„ĸī…‚ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„Ēī„ąī…‚ī„Ŧī„ļī…‡
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„— ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„šī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…„, ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„¯ī…‚ī„ļ ī„›ī…‹ī„ļ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„°ī…‰ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¸ī…„ī„Ĩī…‹ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„
ī„ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‡ī„›ī„ĩ ī„•ī„ģ ī„ŗī…œī„Žī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰ ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī„ģ ī„žī„ĩ ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
4. ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„ĸī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„›ī…Žī„ēī„ļ: ī„ī„¸ī„ĩī„Žī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„ģī…‚ī„“ī„Ēī…‚ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„ĸī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„›ī…Žī„ēī„ļ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹
ī„ĩī…‚ī„œī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„šī„’ī„ ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„žī…œī„ŗī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„›ī…Žī„ēī„ļ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ŗī…Šī„ąī„ĩ ī„’ī„ŗ ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„ģ ī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
ī„ēī…œī„œī…‡ī„¯ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„Ŧī…‹ī„ģī„ĩī…„ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī…žī„Ģī…‡ ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„
ī„ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī„ŗ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„›ī…‹ī„ļ ī„ģī…„ ī…ƒī„ĩī„ģī…‚îĨĄ
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„°ī…‡ī„ļ ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī„ģī…‹ī„”?
ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„¸ī…žī„ļ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„›ī„Ŧī„ŗ ī„ģī…‹ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī…‚ī„¸ī„ĸ ī„Ŧ, ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ģī…žī„Ŧ ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ
ī„ĩī„ģī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī„” ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī„Ž:
1. ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī…†ī…œ ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„: ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„ēī„ĩī…€ ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ ī„ģī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„šī„’ī„ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ
ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…„ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„ī„¸ī„ĩī„Žī„ĩ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„°ī…‰ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩī…žī„Ŧ
ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…ƒī„Ģī„Ēī…„ ī„›ī„ŗī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī…‚ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
2. ī„‘ī„ēī„ļ ī„œī……ī„Ŧī„ŗī……ī„œī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„žī…‚ī„Ĩ: ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī„ēī„ļ ī„œī……ī„Ŧī„ŗī……ī„œī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩī…„ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„”îĨĄ
ī„•ī„ģ ī„ģī„ŗī…‡ī„šī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„ž ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„Žī„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„Žī…„ ī„ģī…‡ī„Ļ ī„ĩī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž
ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ī„•ī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ąī…‡ī„‘ī„ēī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
3. ī…ƒ ī…žī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š: Dyarchy ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„˛ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…„ ī„›ī„ŗī„žī…‹ī„ĩī…„ ī„“ī„ģ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī„ĩī…‚ī„œī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī…‡, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡
ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„‘ī„­ī…„ī„Ž ī„ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„Ē ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī„Ēī„ļī„ą ī„“ī„ģ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ąī„ĸī„Ĩ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī…‚ī„­ī„Žī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„ąī„Žī…‚ī„, ī„•ī„ģ ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„šī…‚ī„ļī…„
ī„¨ī…œī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„Ž ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Ĩī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„ēī„°ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„šī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„°ī…‰ī„ēī„ļī…‡ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ļī…‰ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
4. ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„žī…‚ī„Ĩ: ī…ƒī„ēī„ēī„Ĩī„ŗ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„ļī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ī…‚ī„ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„žī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ąī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„Žī„¸ī…„ ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„
ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ī…œī„˛ī…„ī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ļī…Šī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ ī„ąī…‡ī„ąī„ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī…‚ī„š
ī„ŗī…ƒī„ģī„ē ī„ē ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
23
Easy2Siksha
5. ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī„› ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī…‹ī„š: ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĸī„Žī„Ēī…‚ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī„— ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē
ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī„¸ī…‰-ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ī„ļī„Ē ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„— ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ąī…œī„­ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„ąī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ī„Žī…„ī„’ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Š ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„” ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„‘ī…žī„­ī…‡ ī…ƒī„Ŧī„ļ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„Ŧī…‡ī…ƒī„œī„’îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ
ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩī…„ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„‘ī„Ž ī„Žī…‰ī„šī„Žī„ļ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„ļī„” ī„¸ī„­ ī„ĩī„ģī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī„ĩī„Ģī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„Ēī…Œ
ī„Ŗī„ļī„›ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
6. ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž: 1920 ī…ƒī„¸ī„  ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„¸ī„  ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„•ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī„  ī„¸ī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī„¯ī…žī„šī„Ĩ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē
ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…‚ ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„ą ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„› ī„‘ī…žī„­ī…‡ ī„•ī„¯ī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„¸ī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„”
ī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī„¸ī…‰-ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„ ī…‚ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
7. ī…ƒī„ēī„ēī„Ĩī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ĸī…ƒī„Ĩī„ļī„Ēī…‚: Dyarchy ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ī……ī…œī„Ŗī„ļī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ēī„ēī„Ĩī„ŗ ī„ēī…„. ī„Ēī„ąī…‚ī„Ŧī„ļī…‡ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„ĩī…‚ī„œī„¸ī…ˆ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„šī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„Žī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…œī„ąī„ļī„˛ ī„ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ĩī„›ī„ĩī…‚ī„‘ ī„¯ī…‰ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„ē ī„ąī…‚ī„”
ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‹ī„ģī„ĩī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„‘ī„­ī…„ī„Ž ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„¨ī…œī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„šī„œī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
8. ī„‘ī„Žī……ī„˛ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī„ŗī…„: ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī…‹ī„ļ ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„Ēī„ĸī„ĩī„ąī…‡ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„žī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„ēī…„, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„
ī„Ž ī…œ ī„‘ī„›ī„ēī„ĩ ī„•ī„ģī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„žī…œī„ŗī…‡ī„¸ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī…œī„˛ī…‚ī„ļī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„ļī…‹ī„ŋī…„
ī„
ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„ģī…‚ī„“ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„ēī„œī„ļī…‚ī„” ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž
ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ž ī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī„šī…„ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ŗī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ ī„ī„”îĨĄ
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„ēī„Ž:
1. ī…žī„§ī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„: Dyarchy ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡
ī„œī……ī„Ŧī„ŗī……ī„œī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ēī…‡ī„ž ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„ēī„¯ī…žī„šī„Ĩ ī„ģī…‹ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī…ƒī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¸ī„­ ī„ĩī„ģī…„ī„’ī„ ī„“ī…žī„Ąī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„›ī…‚ī„°ī…„ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
2. ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩ ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„•ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩ: Dyarchy ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩī…„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩī…‚ī„
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„›ī…‚ī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ēī…‡ī„ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„‘ī„Ž ī„Žī…‰ī„šī„Žī„ļ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„Ēī„ŗī…‚ ī„ī…‚ī„ī„­ī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„ģī…‡ī„Ļ
ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„‘ī…œī„Ŧī…‹ī„ļī„Ž ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ ī„Ŧī…„
ī…ƒī„Žī„šī…‚ī„Žī„Ŧī…‡ī„ģī…„ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„´ī„›ī…„ī„Ž ī…ƒī„Ŧī„¸ī…‚ī„“ī„’ ī…ƒī„›
ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ēī„¸ī…‰-ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„ī…œī„˛ī…„ī„ĩ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī„ļī„” ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„ŋ
ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
3. ī„ēī…‚ī„”ī„ŗī„Ž ī„›ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž: ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ŗī…ƒī„ģī„ē ī„ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„› ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ĩī„ģī…„
ī„ēī…„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„žī„ĩ ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„› ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž 1927 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„ŗī„›ī…‚ī„ĸ
ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„ŗī…„ī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„Ēī„ąī„Ŧī…„ī„ļī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī……ī„Ŗī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„ēī…‚ī„”ī„ŗī„Ž ī„›ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„Žī„´ī……ī„›ī„Ēī…„
ī„ģī…‹ī„”îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„”ī„ŗī„Ž ī„›ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„›ī…‹ī„” ī„¸ī…„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…Šī„ąī„ĩ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
4. ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1935: Dyarchy ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„°ī„ļī„ēī„ĩ ī„¯ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1935
ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„”îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„œī„Ēī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¸ī„­ī…‡ī„ĩī…‡ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„— ī„ē ī„ąī…‚ī„” ī„œī……ī„Ŧī„ŗī……ī„œī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›,
ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩī…„ ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„§ī…‚ī„”ī„’ī„ĩī„›ī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¸ī…„ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī……ī„ąī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ ī„’ī„ļī…‹ī„ ī„Žī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„”îĨĄ
ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„Ĩī…‚
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„Ĩ, 1919 ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„” ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Ŧī…‡
ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¯ī…Ĩī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„“ī„ģ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„Žī……ī„›ī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī…‚ī„
ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„“ī…žī„Ąī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ ī„ĩī„ģī…„îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ī„”ī„’ī„ ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī„Ē ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„,
24
Easy2Siksha
ī„‘ī„ēī„ļ ī„œī……ī„Ŧī„ŗī……ī„œī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„žī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Šī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ī……ī…œī„Ŗī„ļī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…ƒī„›ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī…„îĨĄ
ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…ƒī„ģī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„•ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„ŧī„ĩī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„šī…‚ī„ģī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī„ēī…œī„Ēī…‹ī„š ī„Žī…‡
ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Š ī„˛ ī…ƒī„ŗī„›ī…‚ ī…ƒī„Žī„˛ī…‚ī„”îĨĄ Dyarchy ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī…„ī„ŗī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī„¸ī…‰-ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī„­ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„›ī„Ŧī„ŗ ī„ēī…„, ī„˛ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„œ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī……ī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„ĩī…‚ī„ģ ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š
ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ îĨĄ
8. ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī„Ēī…‚ ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„ĸī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ī…œī„˛ī…„ī„ĩī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„  ī„›ī„ĩī…‹îĨĄ
ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ:1946 ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„¯ī„ļ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī„Š ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ ī…žī„ļ ī„ĩī„ģī…‡ ī„Ĩī„›ī„ĩī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī……ī„ļī„Ŗī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„“ī„ģ ī„’ī„œī„ĩī…„ ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…„ī„’ī„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„šī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗī„Ŗī„Š ī„ļī„”,
ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ēī„ĸī„¸ī…„ī„žī…‚ī„, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„›ī…ƒī„ĩī„’ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„ĸī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„§ ī…œī„žī…‚ī„” ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„˜ī„Ž ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„ŗī…Š ī„“ī„ēī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„­ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„šī„ąī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…œī„§ī…‚ī„ī„ ī…‚ ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„“ī„ēī„Ž ī…œ ī„´ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Šī…‚
ī„’ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„ģī…‹ī„¸ī…‡îĨĄ
ī…ƒī„¯ī„Ąī…‹ī„›ī„ŋ
1946 ī„Ēī…žī„›, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„¨ī…‡ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š, ī…ƒī„ĸī„Žī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ļī„ī„˛ī„ 200 ī„ēī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ēī…„, ī„Ŧ ī„ĸī…‡
ī…ƒī„¸ī„šī„¸ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„Ģī…žī„› ī„ī„— ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ąī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī„ĩ
ī„ĩī„ģī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„•ī„ē ī„ēī„ŗī…ˆ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ēī„Ž, ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„‘ī„Ž ī„Žī…‰ī„šī„Žī„ļ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē
(ī„’ī„”.ī„˜ī„Ž.ī„ēī…„.), ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„› ī…ƒī„ĸī„’ī„Ŧī…‚ī„Ēī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ -ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ī„¸ī…„ ī„ēī…„, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ģī…œī„ŗī„Ŧ ī„‘ī„ļī…„ ī…ƒī„ĸī„Žī…‚ī„ģ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…„ ī„’ī„ļ
ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„Žī…‚ī„ŗī„› ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¸ī…žī„œī„ĩī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ēī„Šī…‚ī„‘ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī…ƒī„žī„’ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…œī„´ī……ī„›ī„Ē ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ ī…‚ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„,
ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ ī…ƒī„› ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī„ļī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¸ī…žī„œī„ĩī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…œī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ĩī„ 
1946 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  "ī„›ī…‰ī…ƒī„ąī„Žī…‡ī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž" ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Šī…‡ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¸ī…€ī„Ŧ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„“ī…žī„› ī„‘ī…ƒī„ĸī„ģī…‚ ī„ģī…žī„ļ ī„ļī…ž ī„˛ī„Š ī„ļī„”
ī„˛ī…‡ī…ƒī„ĸī„’ ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…ˆ ī…ƒī„­ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„ēī…œī„Ēī……ī„šī„Ĩ ī„ģī…‹ī„ŠîĨĄ
ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī„Ēī…‚
ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„ĩī…‹ī„­ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ģī…žī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„›ī„” ī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ ī„¯ī…‡ī„š ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‡:
1. ī„ēī…œī„´ī……ī„›ī„Ē ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ī„Ļī„Ž:ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‹ ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„šī…‚ī„, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩī…žī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ąī„ĸī…‚ī„—, ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„ž ī…„ ī„¨ī…‚ī„ī„ ī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…œī„´ī……ī„›ī„Ē ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ŗī„Ēī„ļī„ą ī„ģī…‰ ī…ƒī„› ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„“ī…žī„› ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„ĩī„ģī…‡ī„ī…‚ ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„ē ī„ąī…‚ī„” ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„
ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī…‚ī„ī„Ŗī…„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
2. ī…ƒī„Ēī…œī„Ž-ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ:ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„Ēī…œī„Ž-ī„¯ī…žī„­ī„ĩī…„ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…„ ī„¨ī…‚ī„ī„ ī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī……ī„Ŗī…‚ī„‘ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚:
o ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ:ī„“ī„ģ ī„ĩī…žī…ƒī„œī„’, ī…ƒī„¸ī„Ŧī…‡ī„šī…„ ī„ŗī…‚ī„ŗī…ƒī„ļī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī…œī„˛ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ī„ī…‚îĨĄ
o ī„ēī…†ī…ƒī„ąī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī„ŗī…†ī„ģ:ī„ē ī…ƒī„ąī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī…ƒī„Ēī…œī„Ž ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…œī…ƒī„§ī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
â–Ē ī„ī„ĩī……ī…žī„¯ ī„—:ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„ąī„ģī……ī…ƒī„ī„Šī„Ēī…„ ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’îĨĄ
25
Easy2Siksha
â–Ē ī„ī„ĩī……ī…žī„¯ ī„ąī…„:ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ-ī„¯ī…žī„Ąī„ŗ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ąī„ģī……-ī…ƒī„ī„Šī„Ēī…„ ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ąī…ƒī„Šī„’ ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’
ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
â–Ē ī„ī„ĩī……ī…žī„¯ C:ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…‚ī„ŗ ī„ēī„ŗī…‡ī„Ē ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ-ī„¯ ī„ĩī„ą ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ąī„ģī……ī…ƒī„ī„Šī„Ēī…„ ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‡
ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ē ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ
o ī„ēī…†ī„ąī…‚ī„” ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„:ī„ģī„ĩī…‡ī„› ī„ē ī„ąī…‡ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ī„¸ī…‡ī„ī…„ ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„› ī…ƒī„ēī…žī…ƒī„œī„’, ī…ƒī„ēī„ģī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡
ī„œī…‡ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī…‚ī„ŋī…„ ī„¸ī„ĩī„ī…‡ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„Žī„› ī„ŗī…‚ī„ŗī…ƒī„ļī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī…œī„˛ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ī„ī…„îĨĄ
3. ī„ēī…œī…ƒ ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚:ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„œī„ĩī„ŋī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž
ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī„Ģī…‚ī„¯ī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„‘ī„ēī…Šī„ąī„ļī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ē ī…ƒī„ąī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī……ī„ŗī…‚ī„“ī…œī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī…‹ī„Šī„ī…‡îĨĄ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž
ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡, ī„ē ī…ƒī„ąī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ģī„ĩī…‡ī„› ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī…œī„ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī…‚ī„ģī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Žī„›ī„ļī„Š ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„‘ī…ƒī„­ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ģī…‹ī„¸ī…‡ī„ī…‚ ī„ĸī…‡ī„›ī„ĩ ī„•ī„ģ ī„Ŧī„ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„œī……ī„š ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ģī„ŽîĨĄ
4. ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„ŗ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ:ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„¯ī…ƒī„ģī„ļī…‚ī„, ī„¸ī…žī„œ-ī„¸ī…žī„œ ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„
ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„ŗ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„” ī„ĸī…‚ī„Šī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ģ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„Ŧī…Œ ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„ ī„ļī…‚ī„—ī„ī…„ ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ
ī„Ēī…žī„› ī„Žī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ąī„Š ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ ī„ĩī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„îĨĄ
ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ī„›ī„ĩī„ŗ
ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ēī„ĸī„¸ī…„ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ēī„’ī„ēī…„ ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī„¸ī…žī„ļī…Œ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī…„-ī„ĸī……ī„ļī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„›ī…ƒī„ĩī„’ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī…„îĨĄ
1. ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„ĩī…‚ī„šī„Ĩī„ĩī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē:
o ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…œī„´ī……ī„›ī„Ē ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„¸ī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’îĨĄ
o ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„•ī„ģ ī„¯ī…Ĩī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…œī„§ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„œī……ī„š ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ēī„Ž, ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī„ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„œ
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ēī„ĩī…„ī„›ī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„Ŧī…‡ī…ƒī„œī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
o ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ēī…„ ī„’ī„ ī„¸ī…„ ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ļī„” ī…ƒī„žī„’ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ē ī…ƒī„ąī„’ī„ ī„ļī„” ī„žī…žī„Ĩ ī„šī„›ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ ī…‚ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…‡
ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
2. ī„’ī„ļ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„:
o ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ēī„¸ī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ ī…ƒī„›ī„•
ī„
ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī„ēī„Žī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ
ī„ąī„ģī……ī…ƒī„ī„Šī„Ēī…„ ī„¸ī…‚ī„ļī…‡ ī„ē ī…ƒī„ąī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģī…„ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„“ī„ĸī…‚ī„žī„Ē ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„, ī„ĸī…‹ ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž
ī„ąī„Š ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
o ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„•ī„ģ ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī…‚ī„š ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„› ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ēī„ĩī…§ī…‚ī„ ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ĩī…žī„Ŧ ī„›ī„ĩ
ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
o ī…ƒī„ĸī„Žī…‚ī„ģ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„¸ī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī„ĩī…‚ī…ƒī„Ŧī„’ī„ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ēī……ī„ ī…‡ī„Ē ī„ēī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„§ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„Ž ī…ƒī„›
ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„›ī…ˆī„Ŧī„ĩ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī…‡ ī„ģī…‚ī„¸ī…„ ī„ģī…‹ ī„ĸī…‚ī„¸ī…‡ī„ī…„îĨĄ
3. ī„Ąī…‹ī„Ĩī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„ēī„ŗī…†ī„ģ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ĩī„’ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„:
o ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„Ąī…‹ī„Ĩī…‡ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„ĩī„’ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„ ī…œī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ ī„›ī……ī„Ŗ
ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ ī„œī……ī„Ŧī„ŗī……ī„œī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩī…„ ī„ī……ī„’ī„•ī„Š ī„ąī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī…ƒī„ ī…œī„Ēī„Ē ī„ēī„Ž, ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ ī…ƒī„› ī„Ŧ ī„ēī„ĩī…‡ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ
ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ąī„Ŧī„ąī…‡ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„§ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŽîĨĄ
ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‚
ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„’ī„Ēī…„ ī„ēī„¸ī…„ī…ƒī„›ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī…‚ī„¸ī„ĸ ī„Ŧ, ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„›ī„” ī„ ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ēī…‚ī„ģī„ŗī„Šī…‚
ī„›ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ ī…ƒī„¯ī„’, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„“ī„ģ ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī„ŗ ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ ī„ĩī„ģī…„îĨĄ
1. ī„ī…žī„ļī„ąī…‚ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„Ĩī……ī…žī„Ĩī„Šī…‚:
26
Easy2Siksha
o ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„‘ ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ē ī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„“ī„ē ī„ī…žī„ļ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„ŗī„Ē ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ģī…‹ ī„ēī„›ī…‡ ī…ƒī„› ī„ē ī…ƒī„ąī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģī…„ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī…ƒī„›ī„¸ī…ˆ ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī„ĸī…‚ī„¸ī…‡îĨĄ
o ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‡ ī„ąī„Ŧī„ļī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī„ŧī„Ē ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģī…„ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„žī…‹ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚, ī„ĸī„Ŧī…Œ ī…ƒī„›
ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„ ī…‚ī„ģī……ī…œī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī„ē ī…ƒī„ąī„’ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„“ī„ģ ī„ ī……ī„Šī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‹ī„¸ī…‡ ī…ƒī„› ī„•ī„ģ ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗ ī„ģ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„šī…‚ī„ŗī„ļ ī„ģī…‹ī„Š ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„Žī…‚îĨĄ
o ī„“ī„ē ī„‘ ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„ŗī„Ēī…„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„­ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ī…žī„ļī„ąī…‚ī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„¸ī„žī„Ž ī„¯ī…‰ ī…ƒī„ī„’îĨĄ
2. ī„§ī…‚ī„“ī„ĩī…‰ī„›ī„Ĩ ī„˜ī„›ī„šī„Ž ī„§ī…‡:
o 16 ī„‘ī„ī„ēī„Ē, 1946 ī„Ž ī…œ , ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ŗī…œī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” "ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„­ī…„
ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī…ƒī„Ŧī„¸ī„ē" ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„˜ī„ļī…‚ī„Ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī„’ī„¯ī„› ī„ēī…œī„¯ī„ĩī„Ŧī…‚ī„“ī„› ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„”, ī„œī…‚ī„ē
ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡ ī„ąī…œī„ī…‚ī„ļ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„ģī„žī…‚ī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī„ŗī…ī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„ģī…‹ī„”ī„’ī„îĨĄ
o ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī„¯ī…žī„šī„Ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„› ī„Ŧī…‡ī„š ī„žī„ĩī…‡ī„ļ ī„´ī……ī…žī„­ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„¨ī…‡ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ģī…‰, ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„ī……ī…œī„Ŗī„ļī„Ŧī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ ī…ƒī„ĩī„ģī…‚ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
3. ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„ŗ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ī„Ļī„Ž:
o ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„‘ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„ŗī„Ēī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī…‚ī„¸ī„ĸ ī„Ŧ, ī„ēī„Ēī…œī„ąī„ĩ 1946 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ĸī„¸ī…‚ī„ģī„ĩ ī„ļī…‚ī„ļ ī„Žī…ƒī„ģī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„œī…„ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ
ī„“ī…žī„› ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„ŗ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„ąī„Šī…‚ī„” ī„ī„” ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
o ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„›, ī„ŗī……ī„ē ī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‚
ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ēī„Šī…‚ī„‘ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„¸ī„­ ī…ƒī„ī„’îĨĄ
4. ī„ēī…œī…ƒ ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ:
o ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī„Ŧī„ēī…œī„ąī„ĩ 1946 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…‚ ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„Žī…‡ ī„“ī„ē
ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ąī…‚ī„”ī„›ī…‚ī„Ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī„“ī„ģ ī„Ŧī„ļī…„ī„ļ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī„ģ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī…ƒī„ģī…žī„Ēī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ēī…„ī…ƒī„Žī„­ī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„›ī„ĩī„Ŧī…„îĨĄ
o ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„šī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„‘ī„Ē ī„Ēī…Œ ī…ƒī„ąī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„œī„ĩī„ŋī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„”
ī„‘ī…žī„ī…‡ ī„¸ī„­ī…„îĨĄ
5. ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī…œī„§:
o 1947 ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„šī……ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„“ī„ģ ī„ēī„¯ī…žī„šī„Ĩ ī„ģī…‹ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ēī…„ ī…ƒī„› ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„šī…‚ī„ī„Ēī…„ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž
ī„ģī…žī„ļ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ī„•ī„Š ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ ī„ĩī„ģī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
o ī„ļī„ī…‚ī„Ēī…‚ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ī…žī„ļī„ąī…‚ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ĩī……ī…žī„Ĩī„Š ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„¸ī„›ī„ļī„¯ī…‚ī„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ļī„” ī„ŗī„ĸī„ą ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
o 3 ī„ĸ ī„Ž, 1947 ī„Ž ī…œ , ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧī…‹ ī„ēī……ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„šī…‚ī„: ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ 
ī„¸ī…œī„§ī„Š ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„¯ī„Šī…„ ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„˜ī„ļī…‚ī„Ž ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
o ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„Ŧī…‹ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„ēī„¸ī…„ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„ļī„’ ī…ƒī„ī„’,
ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ 14 ī„‘ī„ī„ēī„Ē, 1947 ī„Ž ī…œ ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ 15 ī„‘ī„ī„ēī„Ē, 1947 ī„Ž ī…œ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‚
ī…ƒī„Žī„ĩī„ŗī…‚ī„Š ī„ģī…‹ī„“ī„’îĨĄ
ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ēī„Ē
ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ēī…„ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„›ī„” ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„›ī„ĩī„›ī…‡ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ģī…‰:
1. ī„—ī„›ī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī…œī…ƒī„Ēī„ŗ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š:ī„“ī„ģ ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„“ī„›ī„ĸī……ī…žī„Ĩ ī„ĩī…žī„œī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„’ī„œī„ĩī…„ ī„¸ī…žī„§ī…„
ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧī„ĩī„ēī…‚ī„•
ī„
ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ģī…‚ī„ļī…‚ī„ī…ƒī„› ī„“ī„ģ ī„’ī„œī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ ī„ģī…‹ ī…ƒī„ī„’, ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„“ī„ģ ī„Ŧī„ĩī„ēī…‚ī„•
ī„
ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„ģī…‰ ī…ƒī„›
ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ąī„ ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„ąī„ģ ī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„Žī…‡ī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ĸī…‡ ī„¸ī…„ ī„Ēī…„ī„ąī„ĩ ī„“ī…žī„Ąī…‚ ī„ēī…„îĨĄ
2. ī„ēī…œī…ƒ ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī„ļī„” ī„ąī……ī…ƒī„Žī„’ī„Ŧ:ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ąī…‚ī„¸ī„ĸ ī„Ŧ, ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ī„Ļī„Ž
ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ī„¸ī…‚ī„” ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„œī„ĩī„ŋī…‚ ī…ƒī„Ēī„’ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ ī„‘ī„ēī…Šī„ąī„ļī…„ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„ŗ ī„Žī…‡
ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ļī…‹ī„›ī„Ēī…œī„Ēī„ĩī…„ ī„¨ī…‚ī„ī„ ī…‡ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„Žī…„
ī„
ī„ģ ī„ĩī…žī„œī…„îĨĄ
27
Easy2Siksha
3. ī…œī„§ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī…†ī„ĩ -ī„ēī…†ī„ ī„›:ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„Ŧ ī„’ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī„ļī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ
ī„§ ī…œī„žī…„ ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„•ī„ĸī…‚ī„ī„ĩ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„ļī„ī„˛ī„ ī„‘ī„Ĩī…žī„ļ ī„ģī…‹ ī„ī„”îĨĄ ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ēī…Œ
ī„ąī…‚ī„‘ī„Ŧ ī„ģī…‹ī„” ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī„ąī„ģī……ī„Ē ī„ēī…‚ī„ĩī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī„ļī„ŗī…‚ī„Žī…‚ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Žī„žī„ĩī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„“ī…žī„› ī„¸ī…žī„œī„ĩī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸ ī„Ŧī…„
ī„žī„ĩ ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ģī…‹ī„ĩ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„Ŧī„ĩī…ƒī„šī„Ē ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚îĨĄ
4. ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„Žī…„ī„Ēī…„ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„˛ī…‚ :ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„ī„ĩī…‡ī„žī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„“ī„ģ ī„¸ī…„ ī„ēī„¯ī…žī„šī„Ĩ ī„›ī„ĩ
ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„› ī„•ī„ģ ī„ģī……ī„Š ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„›ī…œī„Ĩī„ĩī…‹ī„ļ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„ĩī…žī„œ ī„ēī„›ī„Ŧī…‡îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„‘ī…ƒī„ģī„ēī…‚ī„ē ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ąī…žī„§ī„Š ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„°ī…‰ī„ēī„ļī…‡ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„Ēī…‡ī„ž ī„›ī„ĩ ī…ƒī„Ŧī…žī„Ēī…‚, ī…ƒī„ĸī„ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī„Ēī…„ī„ĸī…‡ ī„¸ī„ĸī…Œ ī„‘ī„ī„ēī„Ē 1947 ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„¸ī…‚ī„¯ī„ēī…„ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…„ ī„ī„”îĨĄ
ī…ƒī„ēī…žī„Ĩī…‚
ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„‘ī„Ž ī„Žī…‰ī„šī„Žī„ļ ī„›ī…‚ī„ī„ī„ĩī„ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„’ī„ļ ī„“ī…œī„§ī…„ī„’ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ĩī„›ī„ĩī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ž ī…œ
ī„ēī……ī„ļī„Ŗī…‚ī„•ī„Š ī„ļī„” ī„“ī…žī„› ī„Žī…‡ī„› ī„“ī„ĩī…‚ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„‘ī…œī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„ēī…„îĨĄ ī„ēī…œī„žī…„ ī„¨ī…‚ī„ī„ ī…‡, ī„ēī…œī…ƒī„¸ī„­ī…‚ī„Ž ī„ēī„˛ī…‚ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī…žī„›
ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„ŗ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ēī…œī„´ī……ī„›ī„Ē ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„ļī„” ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…‡ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„¸ ī„‘ī…ƒī„˛ī„ļī…‚ī„šī…„ ī„ēī„Ž ī„¯ī„ĩ ī„Ŧī…‹ ī„¯ī…Ĩī„ŗī……ī…žī„œ
ī„ĩī…‚ī„ĸī„Žī…„ī…ƒī„Ēī„› ī„¯ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„ī„’ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„§ ī…œī„žī…‡ ī„ŗī„Ēī„˛ī…‡ī„Ŧī…‚ī„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„Ŧ ī„ĩ ī„Žī„ģī…„
ī„
ī„›ī„ĩ ī„ēī„›ī…‡îĨĄ
ī„ī…žī„ļī„ąī…‚ī„Ē ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„Ĩī……ī…žī„Ĩī„Š, ī…ƒī„°ī„ĩī„› ī…ƒī„ģī…œī„ēī…‚ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„°ī…‰ī„ļī„Šī…‚, ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„ŗī……ī„ēī…ƒī„ļī„ŗ ī„ļī…„ī„ ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„‘ī…œī„Ēī…ƒī„ĩī„ŗ ī„ēī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„ēī…ƒī„ģī„´ī…‹ī„
ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ēī…Œ ī„“ī„Žī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Žī…‚ī„ļ ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Žī…‚ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„ģī…‹ī„”îĨĄ ī„“ī„ē ī„‘ī„ēī„°ī„ļī„Ēī…‚ ī„Žī…‡ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„ ī„¸ī…œī„§ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„¯ī„ŋī…‚ī„‘ ī„Ēī…‰ī„‘
ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚, ī„ĸī…‹ ī…ƒī„› ī„•ī„¯-ī„ŗī„ģī…‚ī„ī„Ŧī…„ī„¯ ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„“ī…ƒī„Ēī„ģī…‚ī„ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„ēī„˛ ī„Ēī…Œ ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī……ī„œī„Ŧī…‚ī„” ī„žī„Ĩī„Žī…‚ī„¸ī…‚ī„ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ ī…Œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
ī„ēī…œī„œī…‡ī„¯ ī„ĩ ī„¯ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„ , ī„›ī…‰ī„ąī…ƒī„Žī„Ĩ ī…ƒī„ŗī„šī„Ž ī„´ī…‹ī„ĸī„Ž ī…‚ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„ŗī„ģī…žī„Ēī„¸ī„¯ ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ŗī…‹ī„ŋ ī„ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‹ ī„’ī„œī„ĩī„›ī…‚ī„ĩ ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī…ƒī„ąī…Ĩī…ƒī„Ĩī„š ī„šī…‚ī„ēī„Ž
ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„‘ī…œī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„Ŧī…‹ ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧ ī„Ŧī…‡ī„šī…‚ī„, ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¯ī…‚ī…ƒī„›ī„ēī„Ēī…‚ī„Ž ī„Ŧī…‡ ī„ĸī„Žī„ŗ ī„Ŧī…‚ ī„›ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ž ī„ąī„Šī…„îĨĄ ī„“ī„ēī„Ŧī…„ ī…ƒī„¸ī„ĩī…‚ī„ēī„Ē ī„˛ī…‚ī„ĩī„Ē ī„Ŧī…„
ī„’ī„žī…‚ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ļī„” ī„ēī…œī„žī„ĩī„š ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„ ī„ī……ī…œī„Ŗī„ļī…‚ī„ ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī…ƒī„¸ī…ƒī„˛ī…œī„Ž ī„‘ī„Ēī…‡ ī„¸ī…œī„§ī…‡ ī„ēī„ŗī…‚ī„ĸ ī…ƒī„¸ī…žī„  ī„—ī„›ī„Ēī…‚ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„›ī…‚ī„“ī„ŗ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ī„’ī„
ī„  ī……ī„Šī…ī„Ēī…„ī„’ī„ ī„Ŧī…„ ī„´ī…‚ī„Ŧ ī…ƒī„Ŧī„¸ī…‚ī„•
ī„
ī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ
ī„Žī…‹ī„Ĩ: ī„“ī„ģ ī„•ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ ī„¯ī…žī„Ēī„ĩ ī„¯ī…†ī„ĩī…„ ī„Ēī„ĩī…§ī…‚ī„ Ai ī„Ŧī……ī„’ī„ĩī…‚ ī„ģī…žī„ļ ī„›ī…„ī„Ēī…‚ ī…ƒī„ī„’ ī„ģī…‰ (ī„’ī„ĩī„Ĩī…„ī„°ī…„ī„šī…„ī„‘ī„ļ ī„“ī…œī„Ĩī…‰ī„ļī…„ī„ĸī…Šī„ē) ī„“ī„ē ī„ļī„” ī„ĸī…‡ī„›ī„ĩ ī„Ēī……ī„ģī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„›ī…‹ī„” ī„ī„ļī„Ēī…„ ī„ĸī…‚ī„
ī„ī„ļī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„ŗī„ļī„Ŧī…„ ī„ģī…‰îĨĄ ī„ēī…‚ī„Ž ī…œ ī„“ī…žī„› ī„°ī…„ī„§ī„ąī…‰ī„› ī„ēī„ąī…œī„­ī„Ē ī„ī„ļī„Ēī…„ ī…ƒī„Ŧī„™, ī„‘ī„ēī…„
ī„
ī„´ī„›ī…„ī„Žī…„ ī„Ēī…ī„ĩ 'ī„Ēī…‡ ī„“ī„ē ī„ēī„ŗī…žī…ƒī„ēī„’ ī„ĸī…‚ī„ ī„ī„ļī„Ēī…„ ī„Ž ī…œ ī„ģī…žī„ļ ī„›ī„ĩī„Ž ī„Ŧī…„ ī„›ī…‹ī…ƒī„šī„š ī„›ī„ĩī…‚ī„ī„ī…‡îĨĄ